Pain in Multiple Sites and Clusters of Cause-Specific Work Disability Development among Midlife Municipal Employees
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data
2.2. Ethics
2.3. Measures: Diagnostic Specific Work Disability
2.4. Predictors: Pain in Multiple Sites
2.5. Other Predictors
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Methodological Considerations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Work Disability Clusters | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | 1. No Work Disability | 2. Minor Various | 3. Mental | 4. Musculoskeletal | 5. Other Type | |
Row N/% | Row N/% | Row N/% | Row N/% | Row N/% | ||
N | 2878 | 1138 | 1313 | 78 | 238 | 111 |
Total | - | 40 | 46 | 3 | 8 | 4 |
Gender | ||||||
Men | 510 | 45 | 45 | 2 | 4 | 4 |
Women | 2368 | 38 | 46 | 3 | 9 | 4 |
Age group | ||||||
45–49 | 947 | 44 | 45 | 2 | 7 | 3 |
50–54 | 1023 | 37 | 47 | 3 | 8 | 4 |
55–57 | 908 | 37 | 45 | 3 | 10 | 4 |
Occupational class | ||||||
Managers or professionals | 915 | 51 | 42 | 2 | 3 | 2 |
Semi-professionals | 693 | 42 | 46 | 4 | 5 | 3 |
Routine non-manual workers | 903 | 31 | 48 | 3 | 14 | 4 |
Manual workers | 316 | 26 | 49 | 3 | 14 | 8 |
Missing | 51 | 33 | 53 | 2 | 6 | 6 |
Work Disability Clusters | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. No Work Disability | 2. Minor Various | 3. Mental | 4. Musculoskeletal | 5. Other Type | Chi2 | |
Col % | Col % | Col % | Col % | Col % | p-value | |
Number of pain locations | ||||||
No pain | 67 | 54 | 47 | 29 | 36 | |
Single location pain | 15 | 19 | 14 | 21 | 20 | <0.001 |
2 locations | 9 | 13 | 6 | 22 | 20 | |
3–7 locations | 7 | 12 | 31 | 26 | 23 | |
Pain locations | ||||||
Pain in head or face | 4 | 5 | 13 | 9 | 13 | <0.001 |
Pain in neck or shoulder | 17 | 25 | 35 | 41 | 37 | <0.001 |
Pain in low back | 12 | 17 | 35 | 34 | 25 | <0.001 |
Pain in upper limbs | 10 | 16 | 19 | 24 | 25 | <0.001 |
Pain in lower limbs | 11 | 18 | 26 | 39 | 31 | <0.001 |
Pain in stomach location | 3 | 5 | 9 | 5 | 7 | 0.018 |
Pain in some other location | 2 | 4 | 4 | 8 | 12 | <0.001 |
Mentally strenuous working environment | 11 | 13 | 27 | 13 | 19 | 0.003 |
Physically strenuous working environment | 23 | 29 | 27 | 55 | 42 | <0.001 |
Smoking | ||||||
No | 64 | 56 | 58 | 47 | 41 | |
Past smoking | 22 | 23 | 19 | 22 | 21 | <0.001 |
Smoking | 13 | 21 | 23 | 30 | 36 | |
Binge drinking | ||||||
Binge drinking (once a month or more) | 23 | 28 | 22 | 24 | 33 | <0.001 |
Obesity | ||||||
Healthy weight | 55 | 47 | 35 | 39 | 34 | |
Overweight | 32 | 35 | 37 | 38 | 44 | <0.001 |
Obesity | 12 | 17 | 28 | 21 | 21 | |
Common mental disorders | ||||||
Common mental disorders | 20 | 24 | 49 | 34 | 39 | <0.001 |
Helsinki Health Study, Finland. Missing categories omitted (1–3%). |
Work Disability Clusters | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. No Work Disability | 2. Minor Various | 3. Mental | 4. Musculoskeletal | 5. Other Type | |
AMEs [95% CI] | AMEs [95% CI] | AMEs [95% CI] | AMEs [95% CI] | AMEs [95% CI] | |
Pain (ref. no pain) | |||||
Single location pain | −9.9 *** [−14.6–−5.1] | 4.2 [−0.9–9.2] | −0.6 [−2.1–0.8] | 4.9 *** [2.1–7.7] | 1.5 [−0.5–3.4] |
2 locations | −13.7 *** [−19.1–−8.3] | 4.5 [−1.2–10.3] | −1.5 * [−2.9–−0.1] | 8.1 *** [4.6–11.5] | 2.6 * [0.2–5.0] |
3–7 locations | −17.1 *** [−22.7–−11.5] | 3.7 [−2.3–9.8] | 2.4 * [0.0–4.7] | 8.1 *** [4.7–11.6] | 2.9 * [0.4–5.3] |
Common mental disorders (Ref. no) | |||||
Yes | −4.5 * [−8.7–−0.3] | −2.0 [−6.4–2.5] | 2.7 ** [1.0–4.5] | 1.9 [−0.5–4.3] | 1.8 * [0.0–3.6] |
Gender (ref. men) | |||||
Women | −4.7 + [−9.6–0.3] | 2.5 [−2.7–7.6] | 0.3 [−1.3–2.0] | 2.6 + [−0.1–5.4] | −0.7 [−2.9–1.4] |
Age in 2007 (ref. 45–49) | |||||
50–54 | −5.1 * [−9.3–−0.9] | 1.3 [−3.1–5.7] | 1.5 * [0.2–2.9] | 0.9 [−1.4–3.2] | 1.4 + [−0.2–3.0] |
55–57 | −4.8 * [−9.1–−0.5] | −0.4 [−5.0–4.1] | 1.3 + [−0.1–2.7] | 2.4 + [−0.0–4.9] | 1.5 + [−0.2–3.2] |
Occupational class (ref. managers or professional) | |||||
Semi-professionals | −7.6 ** [−12.5–−2.7] | 2.9 [−2.1–7.9] | 2.1 * [0.4–3.8] | 1.3 [−1.1–3.7] | 1.4 [−0.5–3.2] |
Routine non-manual workers | −14.6 *** [−19.5–−9.7] | 5.7 * [0.6–10.8] | 0.6 [−0.8–2.1] | 6.8 *** [4.1–9.4] | 1.4 [−0.4–3.2] |
Manual workers | −19.0 *** [−25.7–−12.3] | 8.4 * [1.2–15.5] | 1.1 [−1.3–3.4] | 5.7 ** [2.0–9.4] | 3.8 * [0.8–6.9] |
Working conditions | |||||
Physically strenuous work (ref. no) | −2.0 [−6.3–2.4] | −2.7 [−7.2–1.9] | −0.9 [−2.3–0.4] | 4.8 *** [2.4–7.2] | 0.8 [−1.0–2.5] |
Mentally strenuous work (ref. no) | −4.5 + [−9.8–0.8] | 1.4 [−4.3–7.0] | 2.3 * [0.1–4.5] | −0.6 [−3.5–2.3] | 1.4 [−0.9–3.8] |
Body weight (ref. BMI < 25) | |||||
Overweight | −5.8 ** [−9.6–−1.9] | 1.3 [−2.8–5.4] | 0.8 [−0.4–2.1] | 1.8 [−0.4–4.0] | 1.8 * [0.2–3.4] |
Obesity | −9.0 *** [−14.1–−4.0] | 3.1 [−2.2–8.5] | 2.2 * [0.3–4.1] | 2.4 [−0.5–5.2] | 1.4 [−0.6–3.3] |
Smoking (ref. never) | |||||
Past smoking | −3.2 [−7.5–1.2] | 1.7 [−2.8–6.3] | −0.4 [−1.8–1.0] | 1.3 [−1.2–3.8] | 0.5 [−1.2–2.2] |
Smoking | −10.2 *** [−15.0–−5.5] | 3.6 [−1.5–8.7] | 0.6 [−1.2–2.3] | 3.2 * [0.4–5.9] | 2.9 ** [0.8–5.1] |
Binge drinking (once a month or more, ref. no) | |||||
Yes | −4.4 * [−8.6–−0.1] | 5.1 * [0.6–9.6] | −0.8 [−2.1–0.5] | −0.5 [−2.8–1.9] | 0.5 [−1.2–2.2] |
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Hiilamo, A.; Huttu, A.; Øverland, S.; Pietiläinen, O.; Rahkonen, O.; Lallukka, T. Pain in Multiple Sites and Clusters of Cause-Specific Work Disability Development among Midlife Municipal Employees. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 3375. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073375
Hiilamo A, Huttu A, Øverland S, Pietiläinen O, Rahkonen O, Lallukka T. Pain in Multiple Sites and Clusters of Cause-Specific Work Disability Development among Midlife Municipal Employees. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(7):3375. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073375
Chicago/Turabian StyleHiilamo, Aapo, Anna Huttu, Simon Øverland, Olli Pietiläinen, Ossi Rahkonen, and Tea Lallukka. 2021. "Pain in Multiple Sites and Clusters of Cause-Specific Work Disability Development among Midlife Municipal Employees" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7: 3375. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073375