Portuguese Nurses’ Stress, Anxiety, and Depression Reduction Strategies during the COVID-19 Outbreak
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (1)
- The use of strategies to promote mental health by nurses, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, is significantly associated with symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress.
- (2)
- Being a mental health nurse is significantly associated with fewer symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress, compared to a non-mental health nurse.
- (3)
- Being a mental health nurse is significantly associated with the use of more mental health promotion strategies, compared to a non-mental health nurse.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Strategies of Mental Health Promotion
2.4. Depression Anxiety Stress Scale—Short Version (DASS-21)
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic and Clinic Characteristics
3.2. Findings Related to the Hypotheses
4. Discussion
- (1)
- The use of strategies to promote mental health by nurses, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, is significantly associated with symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress.
- (2)
- Being a mental health nurse is significantly associated with fewer symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress, compared to a non-mental health nurse.
- (3)
- Being a mental health nurse is significantly associated with the use of more mental health promotion strategies, compared to a non-mental health nurse.
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mean (sd) | Range | %Normal | %Mild | %Moderate | %Severe | %Extremely Severe | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DASS-21 Depression | 4.00 (3.86) | 0–21 | 64.9 | 14.9 | 12.8 | 4.5 | 2.9 |
DASS-21 Anxiety | 4.18 (4.06) | 0–21 | 54.3 | 9.6 | 17.5 | 7.7 | 10.8 |
DASS-21 Stress | 7.32 (4.54) | 0–21 | 36.4 | 36.9 | 15.7 | 8.0 | 2.9 |
Adjusted Models | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DASS-21 Depression | DASS-21 Anxiety | DASS-21 Stress | |||||||
B (se) | 95% CI | p | B (se) | 95% CI | p | B (se) | 95% CI | p | |
Sex: fem. [ref: male] | 0.73 (0.32) | 0.09–−1.37 | 0.025 | 1.35 (0.34) | 0.68–2.03 | <0.001 | 1.50 (0.38) | 0.76–2.24 | <0.001 |
Age | −0.04 (0.01) | −0.06–−0.01 | 0.005 | −0.06 (0.01) | −0.09–−0.03 | <0.001 | −0.10 (0.02) | −0.13–−0.07 | <0.001 |
Mental health specialty: yes [ref: no] | −0.76 (0.33) | −1.40–−0.12 | 0.020 | −0.78 (0.34) | −1.45–−0.10 | 0.024 | −0.74 (0.38) | −1.48–−0.01 | 0.048 |
Time searching for information | 0.16 (0.06) | 0.05–0.27 | 0.005 | 0.17 (0.06) | 0.05–0.28 | 0.006 | 0.34 (0.07) | 0.22–0.47 | <0.001 |
Rest between work shifts [ref: often or always] | |||||||||
Never or rarely | 0.54 (0.42) | −0.30–1.37 | 0.206 | 1.34 (0.45) | 0.46–2.23 | 0.003 | 0.98 (0.49) | 0.02–1.94 | 0.047 |
Sometimes | 0.79 (0.30) | 0.20–1.38 | 0.009 | 0.69 (0.32) | 0.07–1.32 | 0.030 | 0.68 (0.35) | −0.004–1.36 | 0.051 |
Eating healthy [ref: often or always] | |||||||||
Never or rarely | 1.71 (0.46) | 0.80–2.62 | <0.001 | 1.23 (0.49) | 0.26–2.19 | 0.013 | 1.42 (0.53) | 0.37–2.46 | 0.008 |
Sometimes | 1.03 (0.32) | 0.42–1.65 | 0.001 | 0.66 (0.33) | 0.002–1.31 | 0.049 | 1.16 (0.36) | 0.45–1.88 | 0.001 |
Adequate water intake [ref: often or always] | |||||||||
Never or rarely | −0.08 (0.40) | −0.85–0.68 | 0.830 | −0.02 (0.41) | −0.83–0.79 | 0.967 | 0.30 (0.45) | −0.58–1.18 | 0.503 |
Sometimes | 0.19 (0.30) | −0.40–0.78 | 0.518 | −0.22 (0.32) | −0.84–0.40 | 0.488 | 0.02 (0.35) | −0.66–0.69 | 0.964 |
Physical activity [ref: often or always] | |||||||||
Never or rarely | 0.68 (0.41) | −0.11–1.48 | 0.093 | 1.15 (0.43) | 0.31–1.99 | 0.007 | 0.78 (0.47) | −0.14–1.70 | 0.097 |
Sometimes | 0.21 (0.42) | −0.61–1.03 | 0.613 | 0.55 (0.44) | −0.32–1.41 | 0.215 | 0.33 (0.48) | −0.62–1.27 | 0.497 |
Relaxing activities [ref: often or always] | |||||||||
Never or rarely | 0.48 (0.45) | −0.40–1.36 | 0.281 | 0.32 (0.47) | −0.61–1.25 | 0.501 | 0.82 (0.52) | −0.19–1.83 | 0.113 |
Sometimes | 0.08 (0.44) | −0.78–0.93 | 0.856 | 0.31 (0.46) | −0.59–1.22 | 0.500 | 0.72 (0.50) | −0.26–1.71 | 0.151 |
Recreational activities [ref: often or always] | |||||||||
Never or rarely | 0.55 (0.40) | −0.22–1.33 | 0.164 | 0.63 (0.42) | −0.19–1.46 | 0.133 | 0.79 (0.46) | −0.11–1.68 | 0.086 |
Sometimes | −0.19 (0.32) | −0.82–0.44 | 0.560 | −0.20 (0.34) | −0.87–0.47 | 0.551 | 0.02 (0.37) | −0.71–0.75 | 0.966 |
Maintenance of social connections [ref: often or always] | |||||||||
Never or rarely | 1.23 (0.44) | 0.37–2.08 | 0.005 | 0.81 (0.46) | −0.09–1.71 | 0.079 | 0.73 (0.50) | −0.25–1.72 | 0.144 |
Sometimes | 0.14 (0.31) | −0.47–0.76 | 0.651 | 0.43 (0.33) | −0.22–1.08 | 0.199 | 0.28 (0.36) | −0.42–1.00 | 0.431 |
Verbalization of feelings/emotions [ref: often or always] | |||||||||
Never or rarely | 0.40 (0.35) | −0.30–1.09 | 0.263 | −0.04 (0.37) | −0.77–0.70 | 0.918 | 0.09 (0.41) | −0.71–0.89 | 0.817 |
Sometimes | 0.69 (0.33) | 0.04–1.34 | 0.038 | 0.47 (0.35) | −0.22–1.15 | 0.183 | 0.52 (0.38) | −0.23–1.27 | 0.175 |
Avoidance of access to information from unreliable sources [ref: often or always] | |||||||||
Never or rarely | 0.16 (0.34) | −0.49–0.82 | 0.623 | 0.16 (0.36) | −0.54–0.86 | 0.659 | −0.39 (0.39) | −1.15–0.37 | 0.313 |
Sometimes | 0.33 (0.33) | −0.31–0.97 | 0.312 | 0.45 (0.34) | −0.22–1.13 | 0.190 | −0.06 (0.38) | −0.79–0.68 | 0.880 |
R2 = 19.4%; F = 8.643; p < 0.001 | R2 = 18.5%; F = 8.143; p < 0.001 | R2 = 23.2%; F = 10.852; p < 0.001 |
Never | Rarely | Sometimes | Often | Always | p Value * | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | ||||||
Rest between work shifts | ||||||
Mental health nurses | 3 (2.0) | 13 (8.6) | 36 (23.7) | 64 (42.1) | 36 (23.7) | p = 0.196 |
Non-mental health nurses | 27 (4.0) | 52 (7.8) | 190 (28.4) | 260 (38.9) | 140 (20.9) | |
Eating healthy | ||||||
Mental health nurses | 1 (0.7) | 11 (7.2) | 36 (23.7) | 71 (46.7) | 33 (21.7) | p = 0.006 |
Non-mental health nurses | 4 (0.6) | 77 (11.5) | 203 (30.3) | 283 (42.3) | 102 (15.2) | |
Adequate water intake | ||||||
Mental health nurses | 2 (1.3) | 20 (13.2) | 51 (33.6) | 55 (36.2) | 24 (15.8) | p = 0.013 |
Non-mental health nurses | 12 (1.8) | 137 (20.5) | 232 (34.7) | 214 (32.0) | 74 (11.1) | |
Physical activity | ||||||
Mental health nurses | 29 (19.1) | 58 (38.2) | 36 (23.7) | 20 (13.2) | 9 (5.9) | p = 0.253 |
Non-mental health nurses | 167 (25) | 223 (33.3) | 176 (26.3) | 75 (11.2) | 28 (4.2) | |
Relaxing activities | ||||||
Mental health nurses | 13 (8.6) | 52 (34.2) | 54 (35.5) | 26 (17.1) | 7 (4.6) | p < 0.001 |
Non-mental health nurses | 162 (24.2) | 245 (36.6) | 179 (26.8) | 71 (10.6) | 12 (1.8) | |
Recreational activities | ||||||
Mental health nurses | 4 (2.6) | 20 (13.2) | 51 (33.6) | 56 (36.8) | 21 (13.8) | p < 0.001 |
Non-mental health nurses | 44 (6.6) | 135 (20.2) | 230 (34.4) | 216 (32.3) | 44 (6.6) | |
Maintenance of social connections (while social distancing) | ||||||
Mental health nurses | 1 (0.7) | 14 (9.2) | 49 (32.2) | 62 (40.8) | 26 (17.1) | p < 0.001 |
Non-mental health nurses | 13 (1.9) | 94 (14.1) | 275 (41.1) | 222 (33.2) | 65 (9.7) | |
Verbalization of feelings/emotions | ||||||
Mental health nurses | 5 (3.3) | 29 (19.1) | 55 (36.2) | 47 (30.9) | 16 (10.5) | p = 0.003 |
Non-mental health nurses | 43 (6.4) | 184 (27.5) | 222 (33.2) | 180 (26.9) | 40 (6.0) | |
Avoidance of access to information from unreliable sources about COVID-19 | ||||||
Mental health nurses | 12 (7.9) | 17 (11.2) | 33 (21.7) | 53 (34.9) | 37 (24.3) | p = 0.661 |
Non-mental health nurses | 47 (7.0) | 86 (12.9) | 138 (20.6) | 211 (31.1) | 187 (28) |
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de Pinho, L.G.; Sampaio, F.; Sequeira, C.; Teixeira, L.; Fonseca, C.; Lopes, M.J. Portuguese Nurses’ Stress, Anxiety, and Depression Reduction Strategies during the COVID-19 Outbreak. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 3490. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073490
de Pinho LG, Sampaio F, Sequeira C, Teixeira L, Fonseca C, Lopes MJ. Portuguese Nurses’ Stress, Anxiety, and Depression Reduction Strategies during the COVID-19 Outbreak. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(7):3490. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073490
Chicago/Turabian Stylede Pinho, Lara Guedes, Francisco Sampaio, Carlos Sequeira, Laetitia Teixeira, César Fonseca, and Manuel José Lopes. 2021. "Portuguese Nurses’ Stress, Anxiety, and Depression Reduction Strategies during the COVID-19 Outbreak" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7: 3490. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073490
APA Stylede Pinho, L. G., Sampaio, F., Sequeira, C., Teixeira, L., Fonseca, C., & Lopes, M. J. (2021). Portuguese Nurses’ Stress, Anxiety, and Depression Reduction Strategies during the COVID-19 Outbreak. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(7), 3490. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073490