Stereotypes of Social Groups in Mainland China in Terms of Warmth and Competence: Evidence from a Large Undergraduate Sample
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Stereotype Content Model
1.2. The Content of Stereotypes in China
1.3. The Current Research
2. Study 1. Stereotypes of Social Groups in Mainland China in Terms of Warmth and Competence
2.1. Methods
2.1.1. Pretest
2.1.2. Participants
2.1.3. Materials and Procedures
2.2. Results
2.2.1. Item Selection and Internal Consistency of Scales
2.2.2. Content of Stereotypes in Mainland China
2.2.3. Stereotype Ambivalence
2.2.4. Social Structural Correlates of Warmth and Competence
3. Study 2. Determination of Stereotype Words for Typical Social Groups in China
3.1. Methods
3.1.1. Participants
3.1.2. Materials and Procedures
3.2. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Classical Social Groups in SCM Map in China
4.2. Emerging Social Groups on the SCM Map in China
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Reference | Region | Sample | Sample Size of Pretest | Sample Size of Formal Test | Number of Groups | SCM Quadrants: Social Groups Included |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[6] | Hong Kong | Undergraduates | 30 | 60 | 27 | HW-LC: children, elderly, Christians, and mentally ill; LW-HC: professionals, and rich; LW-LC: janitors, poor, Filipino maids, unemployed, immigrants, mainlanders, and Pakistani; MW-MC: foreigners, students, women, Asians, married, Chinese, college grads, youths, adults, HK locals, blue-collars, white-collars, singles, and men. |
[51] | Mainland China | Undergraduates | 23 | 385 | 18 | HW-HC: blue-collars, farmers, undergraduates, disabled, and housewives; HW-LC: children, elderly, and welfare recipients; LW-HC: businessmen, white-collars, rich, men, intellectuals, and professional women; LW-LC: beggars, unemployed, homeless, and government officials/politicians. |
[49] | Mainland China | Undergraduates | 115 | 160 | 21 | HW-HC: doctors, self-employed, intellectuals, college teachers, technical workers, and white-collars; HW-LC: farmers, elderly, disabled, migrant workers, homosexuals, religious believers, and unemployed; LW-HC: rich, government officials/politicians, and stars in showbiz; MW-MC: undergraduates, national minorities, policemen, soldiers in People’s Liberation Army, and teenagers born in the 80s. |
[50] | Mainland China | Undergraduates | 125 | 103 | 32 | HW-HC: teachers, blue-collars, women, undergraduates, northerners, resident foreigners, and self-employed; HW-LC: elderly, farmers, poor, migrant workers, welfare recipients, disabled, and unemployed; LW-HC: rich, men, businessmen, overseas returnees, white-collars, government workers, urban residents, scientists, entrepreneurs, southerners, leaders, intellectuals, stars in showbiz, sports stars, and private business owners; LW-LC: criminals, beggars, and unemployed. |
[52] | Mainland China | Community sample | — | 4659 | 11 | HW-HC: scientists, and engineers; HW-LC: military officers, journalists, doctors, and private entrepreneurs; LW-HC: secondary school teachers, technical workers, and agricultural technology extension workers; LW-LC: government workers, and stars. |
[47] | Mainland China | Online sample | 25 | 199 | 22 | HW-HC: blue-collars, women, workers, migrant workers, and intellectuals; LW-MC: government officials/politicians, and government workers; MW-HC: rich, businessmen, doctors, white-collars, men, adults, employees, and urban residents; HW-MC: children, students, adolescents, and rural residents; MW-LC: poor, and disabled; LW-LC: unemployed. |
Group Names in English (in Chinese) | % | Group Names in English (in Chinese) | % | Group Names in English (in Chinese) | % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Government workers (公务员) | 72.80 | Poor (穷人) | 50.91 | Air hostesses (空姐) | 28.86 |
Migrant workers (农民工) | 70.48 | Entrepreneurs (企业家) | 49.28 | Disabled (残疾人) | 26.70 |
Undergraduates (大学生) | 70.19 | Housewives (家庭主妇) | 48.39 | Urban management officers (城管) | 25.17 |
Stars in showbiz (演艺明星) | 68.51 | Professors (大学教师) | 46.96 | Criminals (罪犯) | 24.89 |
White-collars (白领) | 66.88 | Soldiers (军人) | 43.19 | Laid-off workers (下岗工人) | 23.32 |
Elderly (老年人) | 65.84 | Psychotherapists (心理咨询师) | 41.25 | Nouveau riches (暴发户) | 20.71 |
Government officials (政府官员) | 64.11 | Intellectuals (知识分子) | 40.41 | Terrorists (恐怖分子) | 18.94 |
Rich (富人) | 62.71 | Yoga instructors (瑜伽教练) | 39.24 | Homosexuals (同性恋) | 17.19 |
Scientists (科学家) | 60.49 | Beggars (乞丐) | 38.10 | Drug addicts (吸毒者) | 16.45 |
Businessmen (商人) | 59.88 | Workers (工人) | 36.72 | Welfare recipients (低保人员) | 15.05 |
Farmers (农民) | 58.87 | Sports stars (体育明星) | 35.14 | Private entrepreneurs (私营企业主) | 14.15 |
Youths (年青人) | 56.22 | Unemployed (无业游民) | 33.21 | Strong women (女强人) | 12.58 |
Cleaning workers (清洁工) | 54.31 | Overseas returnees (海归) | 30.29 | Sex workers (性工作者) | 10.95 |
Left-behind children (留守儿童) | 53.93 | Firemen (消防员) | 29.04 |
Construct | Items |
---|---|
Competence | Think about how [group] are viewed by people in China in general. To what extent is [group] considered by most people to be [warm, trustworthy, friendly, good-natured, sincere, well-intentioned, honest, upright, accommodating]? |
Warmth | Think about how [group] are viewed by people in China in general. To what extent is [group] considered by most people to be [competent, confident, independent, competitive, intelligent, capable, skillful, talented, conscientious]? |
Status | How prestigious are the jobs typically achieved by members of [group]? |
How economically successful have members of [group] been? | |
How well educated are members of this [group]? | |
Competition | If members of [group] get special breaks (such as preference in hiring decisions), this is likely to make things more difficult for people like me. |
The more power members of [group] have, the less power people like me are likely to have. | |
Resources that go to members of [group] are likely to take away from the resources of people like me. | |
The values and beliefs of [group] are not compatible with the beliefs and values of most Chinese. |
Groups | Competence M (SD) | Warmth M (SD) | df | Difference | t | Cohen’s d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Terrorists | 3.11 (0.92) | 1.80 (0.85) | 146 | 1.31 | 14.07 *** | 1.16 |
Businessmen | 3.71 (0.66) | 2.84 (0.65) | 146 | 0.87 | 11.80 *** | 0.97 |
Criminals | 3.17 (0.89) | 2.30 (0.83) | 165 | 0.87 | 11.14 *** | 0.86 |
Strong women | 4.00 (0.66) | 3.27 (0.62) | 146 | 0.73 | 12.35 *** | 1.02 |
Entrepreneurs | 3.90 (0.74) | 3.19 (0.72) | 133 | 0.71 | 9.60 *** | 0.83 |
Scientists | 4.04 (0.67) | 3.41 (0.64) | 169 | 0.63 | 10.97 *** | 0.84 |
Rich | 3.57 (0.71) | 2.98 (0.62) | 169 | 0.59 | 9.35 *** | 0.72 |
Government officials | 3.41 (0.74) | 2.84 (0.76) | 175 | 0.57 | 10.27 *** | 0.77 |
White-collars | 3.61 (0.63) | 3.07 (0.60) | 146 | 0.54 | 10.35 *** | 0.85 |
Stars in showbiz | 3.74 (0.74) | 3.22 (0.69) | 165 | 0.52 | 9.19 *** | 0.71 |
Private entrepreneurs | 3.59 (0.62) | 3.07 (0.60) | 146 | 0.52 | 8.70 *** | 0.72 |
Nouveau riches | 3.22 (0.66) | 2.87 (0.70) | 114 | 0.35 | 5.52 *** | 0.51 |
Government workers | 3.31 (0.70) | 2.98 (0.71) | 175 | 0.33 | 7.35 *** | 0.55 |
Sports stars | 3.62 (0.61) | 3.31 (0.63) | 114 | 0.31 | 5.49 *** | 0.51 |
Overseas returnees | 3.65 (0.56) | 3.35 (0.50) | 149 | 0.3 | 7.43 *** | 0.61 |
Drug addicts | 2.11 (0.85) | 1.85 (0.80) | 109 | 0.26 | 5.00 *** | 0.48 |
Professors | 3.87 (0.67) | 3.64 (0.68) | 146 | 0.23 | 5.21 *** | 0.43 |
Yoga instructors | 3.74 (0.62) | 3.57 (0.61) | 109 | 0.17 | 3.94 *** | 0.38 |
Intellectuals | 3.56 (0.62) | 3.40 (0.71) | 146 | 0.16 | 3.70 *** | 0.30 |
Urban management officers | 2.79 (0.72) | 2.64 (0.75) | 175 | 0.15 | 3.95 *** | 0.30 |
Youths | 3.50 (0.66) | 3.35 (0.68) | 114 | 0.15 | 2.98 ** | 0.28 |
Psychotherapists | 3.73 (0.61) | 3.65 (0.60) | 149 | 0.08 | 2.12 | 0.17 |
Sex workers | 2.86 (0.85) | 2.87 (0.85) | 133 | −0.01 | −0.27 | 0.02 |
Soldiers | 4.02 (0.60) | 4.03 (0.62) | 175 | −0.01 | −0.48 | 0.04 |
Air hostesses | 3.72 (0.76) | 3.78 (0.68) | 165 | −0.06 | −1.6 | 0.12 |
Homosexuals | 3.15 (0.81) | 3.21 (0.83) | 146 | −0.06 | −1.79 | 0.15 |
Undergraduates | 3.60 (0.65) | 3.69 (0.60) | 133 | −0.09 | −2.18 | 0.19 |
Unemployed | 2.67 (0.73) | 2.80 (0.71) | 149 | −0.13 | −2.97** | 0.24 |
Workers | 3.39 (0.60) | 3.52 (0.60) | 133 | −0.13 | −3.81 *** | 0.33 |
Disabled | 3.19 (0.63) | 3.33 (0.67) | 165 | −0.14 | −3.18 ** | 0.25 |
Laid−off workers | 3.07 (0.57) | 3.26 (0.60) | 114 | −0.19 | −3.71 *** | 0.35 |
Beggars | 2.52 (0.78) | 2.72 (0.72) | 169 | −0.20 | −4.13 *** | 0.32 |
Firemen | 3.85 (0.63) | 4.05 (0.64) | 175 | −0.20 | −5.94 *** | 0.45 |
Elderly | 3.24 (0.63) | 3.48 (0.64) | 149 | −0.24 | −3.82 *** | 0.31 |
Left−behind children | 3.16 (0.73) | 3.41 (0.63) | 133 | −0.25 | −5.46 *** | 0.47 |
Migrant workers | 3.43 (0.70) | 3.68 (0.74) | 165 | −0.25 | −5.85 *** | 0.45 |
Poor | 2.99 (0.64) | 3.32 (0.66) | 146 | −0.33 | −5.91 *** | 0.49 |
Housewives | 3.27 (0.66) | 3.61 (0.56) | 169 | −0.34 | −6.60 *** | 0.51 |
Farmers | 3.44 (0.75) | 3.90 (0.70) | 109 | −0.46 | −6.31 *** | 0.60 |
Welfare recipients | 2.82 (0.65) | 3.33 (0.72) | 146 | −0.51 | −8.47 *** | 0.70 |
Cleaning workers | 2.98 (0.84) | 3.54 (0.73) | 109 | −0.56 | −6.26 *** | 0.60 |
Social Groups | Label of Cluster | Competence M (SD) | Warmth M (SD) | t | p | Cohen’s d | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
soldiers, firemen, professors, psychotherapists, air hostesses, yoga instructors, undergraduates, scientists, intellectuals, youths | HW-HC | 3.76 (0.18) | = | 3.66 (0.24) | 1.45 | 0.182 | 0.46 |
businessmen, overseas returnees, government workers, government officials, stars in showbiz, rich, white-collars, strong women, entrepreneurs, private entrepreneurs, sports stars, nouveau riches | LW-HC | 3.61 (0.22) | > | 3.08 (0.18) | 10.02 | < 0.001 | 2.89 |
elderly, farmers, housewives, migrant workers, left-behind children, cleaning workers, workers, disabled, poor, welfare recipients, homosexuals, laid-off workers | HW-LC | 3.18 (0.19) | < | 3.47 (0.20) | −6.40 | < 0.001 | 1.85 |
criminals, unemployed, beggars, drug addicts, terrorists, urban management officers, sex workers | LW-LC | 2.75 (0.36) | = | 2.43 (0.44) | 1.52 | 0.179 | 0.58 |
Social Groups | Label of Cluster | Competence M (SD) | Warmth M (SD) | t | p | Cohen’s d | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
soldiers, firemen, professors, psychotherapists, air hostesses, yoga instructors | HW-HC | 3.82 (0.12) | = | 3.79 (0.21) | 0.51 | 0.632 | 0.21 |
businessmen, overseas returnees, government workers, government officials, stars in showbiz, rich | LW-HC | 3.57 (0.17) | < | 3.03 (0.21) | −6.31 | 0.001 | 2.58 |
elderly, farmers, housewives, migrant workers, left-behind children, cleaning workers | HW-LC | 3.26 (0.20) | > | 3.61 (0.18) | −6.58 | 0.001 | 2.70 |
criminals, unemployed, beggars, drug addicts, terrorists, urban management officers | LW-LC | 2.73 (0.39) | = | 2.35 (0.44) | −1.56 | 0.180 | 0.64 |
SCM Quadrant | Group Names in English (in Chinese) | Stereotype Words in English (in Chinese) | M (SD) |
---|---|---|---|
HW-HC | Soldiers (军人) | Protect our homes and defend our country (保家卫国) | 5.18(1.43) |
Dignified (威严) | 5.44(1.60) | ||
Fortitude (坚毅) | 5.42(1.67) | ||
Righteous (正义) | 5.33(1.67) | ||
Upstanding (正直) | 5.25(1.71) | ||
Firemen (消防员) | Dangerous work (工作危险) | 6.33(0.90) | |
Act quickly (行动迅速) | 6.21(0.91) | ||
Put out the fire and rescue people (灭火救人) | 6.15(0.98) | ||
Respectable (令人尊敬) | 6.04(1.05) | ||
Dedicated (敬业) | 5.96(1.05) | ||
Brave (勇敢) | 5.96(0.99) | ||
Professors (大学教师) | Scholarly (有学问) | 6.01(1.15) | |
Knowledgeable (知识渊博) | 5.81(1.23) | ||
Imparting knowledge and educating people (教书育人) | 5.74(1.14) | ||
Psychotherapists (心理咨询师) | Good at observing (善于观察) | 5.96(0.91) | |
Empathetic (懂人心) | 5.65(1.10) | ||
Have much patience (有耐心) | 5.52(0.96) | ||
Gentle (温和) | 5.46(1.07) | ||
Helping others (帮助他人) | 5.31(1.23) | ||
Air hostesses (空姐) | Good manners (礼仪好) | 6.15(1.02) | |
Service with a smile (微笑服务) | 6.13(0.97) | ||
Graceful (有气质) | 6.10(1.07) | ||
Pretty (漂亮) | 6.06(0.89) | ||
Beautiful and gracious (美丽大方) | 5.98(1.15) | ||
Elegant manner (举止优雅) | 5.98(1.08) | ||
Yoga instructors (瑜伽教练) | Great flexibility (柔韧性强) | 6.33(0.88) | |
Beautiful shape (体形优美) | 6.23(0.90) | ||
Good figure (身材好) | 6.12(0.94) | ||
Well-built (健美) | 6.06(0.92) | ||
Athletic (健康) | 6.06(1.04) | ||
HW-LC | Elderly (老年人) | Need to be looked after (需要照顾) | 6.17(0.90) |
Need love and care (需要关爱) | 6.10(0.87) | ||
Nagging (爱唠叨) | 5.87(1.05) | ||
Grey-haired (白发苍苍) | 5.83(0.94) | ||
Slow movement (行动缓慢) | 5.73(1.24) | ||
Kindly (慈祥) | 5.37(1.44) | ||
Farmers (农民) | Laborious work (辛苦) | 6.25(0.95) | |
Farming (种田) | 6.12(1.04) | ||
Industrious (勤劳) | 6.04(1.20) | ||
Simple and honest (憨厚老实) | 5.96(1.19) | ||
Low-income (收入低) | 5.79(1.29) | ||
Housewives (家庭主妇) | Cooking and taking care of children (做饭带孩子) | 5.88(1.28) | |
Value family (顾家) | 5.87(1.17) | ||
Keep house (做家务) | 5.84(1.18) | ||
Virtuous (贤惠) | 5.71(1.25) | ||
Industrious (勤劳) | 5.53(1.18) | ||
Migrant workers (农民工) | Laborious work (辛苦) | 6.48(1.02) | |
Overworked (劳累) | 6.27(1.05) | ||
Life is tough (生活艰辛) | 6.13(1.12) | ||
Vulnerable group (弱势群体) | 6.08(1.15) | ||
Left-behind children (留守儿童) | Eager to be accompanied by parents (渴望陪伴) | 6.46(1.00) | |
Lack of love and care (缺少关爱) | 6.13(1.28) | ||
Lonely (孤独) | 6.12(1.13) | ||
Pitiful (可怜) | 5.98(1.23) | ||
Cleaning workers (清洁工) | Laborious work (辛苦) | 6.47(0.94) | |
Early rising (早起) | 6.41(0.97) | ||
Simple (朴实) | 5.41(1.32) | ||
Worthy of respect (可敬) | 5.92(1.30) | ||
Industrious (勤劳) | 5.80(1.25) | ||
Low salary (工资低) | 5.57(1.46) | ||
LW-HC | Businessmen (商人) | Regard interests as highly important (重利益) | 5.81(1.43) |
Wealthy (有钱) | 5.44(1.60) | ||
Shrewd (精明) | 5.42(1.67) | ||
Seek nothing but profits (唯利是图) | 5.33(1.67) | ||
Overseas returnees (海归) | Study abroad (留学) | 5.57(1.54) | |
Good foreign language (外语好) | 5.51(1.41) | ||
Well-informed (见识广) | 4.80(1.14) | ||
Educated (有知识) | 4.69(1.21) | ||
Government workers (公务员) | Stable job (工作稳定) | 6.21(1.04) | |
Has a stable lifelong job (铁饭碗) | 6.08(1.27) | ||
Work at leisure (工作清闲) | 5.90(1.30) | ||
Well-paid (待遇好) | 5.85(1.35) | ||
Government officials (政府官员) | Official jargon (官腔) | 6.06(1.07) | |
Formalism (形式主义) | 6.02(1.24) | ||
Bureaucratic (官腔官调) | 6.00(1.17) | ||
Shout slogans (喊口号) | 5.96(1.19) | ||
Don’t get things done (不办实事) | 5.62(1.36) | ||
Corrupt (贪污腐败) | 5.48(1.32) | ||
Big-bellied (大腹便便) | 5.75(1.08) | ||
Stars in showbiz (演艺明星) | High income (收入高) | 6.33(0.86) | |
More scandal (绯闻多) | 5.92(1.10) | ||
Glamorous (光鲜亮丽) | 5.71(1.19) | ||
Pretty (漂亮) | 5.71(1.18) | ||
Promiscuous (私生活混乱) | 5.46(1.45) | ||
Good-looking (好看) | 5.56(1.24) | ||
Rich (富人) | Wealthy (有钱) | 6.25(1.03) | |
Extravagant (奢侈) | 5.40(1.42) | ||
Arrogant (傲慢) | 5.02(1.34) | ||
Crafty (狡猾) | 4.90(1.11) | ||
Spend extravagantly (挥霍) | 4.87(1.25) | ||
LW-LC | Criminals (罪犯) | Prison (监狱) | 5.71(1.50) |
Hateful (可恶) | 5.25(1.52) | ||
Fierce (凶狠) | 5.00(1.53) | ||
Violent and cruel (残暴) | 4.94(1.50) | ||
Unemployed (无业游民) | Idle (游手好闲) | 6.04(1.20) | |
Slothful (无所事事) | 5.85(1.29) | ||
Irresponsible (无责任心) | 5.56(1.43) | ||
Depend on parents for living (啃老) | 5.54(1.47) | ||
No desire to advance (没有上进心) | 5.50(1.53) | ||
Beggars (乞丐) | Dirty (脏) | 5.49(1.39) | |
Shabbily dressed (衣衫褴褛) | 5.47(1.53) | ||
Slovenly (邋遢) | 5.27(1.36) | ||
Lazy (懒惰) | 4.76(1.48) | ||
Poor (贫穷) | 4.76(1.42) | ||
Drug addicts (吸毒者) | Decadence (颓废) | 6.37(0.91) | |
Decadent (堕落) | 6.25(1.28) | ||
Flattened (萎靡) | 6.23(1.13) | ||
Spiritless (精神涣散) | 6.21(1.19) | ||
Skinny (骨瘦如柴) | 6.21(1.16) | ||
Haggard (形容枯槁) | 6.19(1.30) | ||
Thin and weak (瘦弱) | 6.12(1.25) | ||
Terrorists (恐怖分子) | Go to extremes (极端) | 6.37(1.05) | |
Brutal (残暴) | 6.29(1.07) | ||
Cruel (凶残) | 6.12(1.25) | ||
Psychological distortion (心理扭曲) | 5.88(1.38) | ||
Inhuman (没人性) | 5.85(1.41) | ||
Urban management officers (城管) | Bully the weak and fear the strong (欺软怕硬) | 5.40(1.59) | |
Rude and unreasonable (蛮横) | 5.27(1.60) | ||
Merciless (凶残) | 5.13(1.53) | ||
Without compassion (没有同情心) | 5.13(1.51) |
Cuddy (2005) [6] | Gao (2008) [49] | Yuan (2009) [51] | Guan (2009) [50] | Shi (2011) [52] | Wu (2014) [47] | Current Study (2018) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rich | LW-HC | LW-HC | LW-HC | LW-HC | MW-HC | LW-HC | |
White-collars | MW-MC | HW-HC | LW-HC | LW-HC | MW-HC | LW-HC | |
Elderly | HW-LC | HW-LC | HW-LC | HW-LC | HW-LC | ||
Unemployed | LW-LC | LW-LC | LW-LC | LW-LC | LW-LC | ||
Disabled | HW-LC | HW-HC | HW-LC | MW-LC | HW-LC | ||
Intellectuals | HW-HC | LW-HC | LW-HC | HW-HC | HW-HC | ||
Poor | LW-LC | HW-LC | MW-LC | HW-LC | |||
Farmers | HW-LC | HW-HC | HW-LC | HW-LC | |||
Undergraduates | HW-MC | HW-HC | HW-HC | HW-HC | |||
Government officials | LW-HC | LW-LC | LW-MC | LW-HC | |||
Sports stars | LW-HC | LW-HC | LW-LC | LW-HC | |||
Private entrepreneurs | HW-HC | LW-HC | HW-LC | LW-HC | |||
Migrant workers | HW-LC | HW-LC | HW-HC | HW-LC | |||
Workers | HW-HC | LW-HC | HW-HC | HW-LC | |||
Businessmen | LW-HC | LW-HC | MW-HC | LW-HC | |||
Government workers | LW-HC | LW-LC | LW-MC | LW-HC | |||
Laid-off workers | HW-LC | HW-LC | HW-LC | ||||
Stars in showbiz | LW-HC | LW-LC | LW-HC | ||||
Welfare recipients | HW-LC | HW-LC | HW-LC | ||||
Beggars | LW-LC | LW-LC | LW-LC | ||||
Scientists | LW-HC | HW-HC | HW-HC | ||||
Soldiers | HW-MC | HW-HC | |||||
Professors | HW-HC | HW-HC | |||||
Homosexuals | HW-LC | HW-LC | |||||
Housewives | HW-HC | HW-LC | |||||
Criminals | LW-LC | LW-LC | |||||
Entrepreneurs | LW-HC | LW-HC | |||||
Overseas returnees | LW-HC | LW-HC | |||||
Youths | MW-MC | HW-HC |
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Ji, Z.; Yang, Y.; Fan, X.; Wang, Y.; Xu, Q.; Chen, Q.-W. Stereotypes of Social Groups in Mainland China in Terms of Warmth and Competence: Evidence from a Large Undergraduate Sample. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 3559. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073559
Ji Z, Yang Y, Fan X, Wang Y, Xu Q, Chen Q-W. Stereotypes of Social Groups in Mainland China in Terms of Warmth and Competence: Evidence from a Large Undergraduate Sample. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(7):3559. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073559
Chicago/Turabian StyleJi, Zouhui, Yaping Yang, Xinfang Fan, Yuting Wang, Qiang Xu, and Qing-Wei Chen. 2021. "Stereotypes of Social Groups in Mainland China in Terms of Warmth and Competence: Evidence from a Large Undergraduate Sample" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7: 3559. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073559