The Comparisons of Physical Functional Performances between Older Adults with and without Regular Physical Activity in Two Different Living Settings
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Study Design
2.3. Physical Functional Performance
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Community-Dwelling (CD) Group | Day Care (DC) Center Group | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
RPA subgroup | NPA subgroup | RPA subgroup | NPA subgroup | |
Item | (n = 35) | (n = 40) | (n = 47) | (n = 41) |
Age | 74.4 ± 6.4 * | 77.9 ± 7.3 * | 79.8 ± 7.1 | 80.8 ± 6.8 |
Gender | Female: 26 | Female: 22 | Female: 35 | Female: 32 |
Male: 9 | Male: 18 | Male: 12 | Male: 9 | |
Height (cm) | 154.99 ± 5.85 | 156.19 ± 8.91 | 151.62 ± 7.74 | 153.46 ± 9.1 |
Weight (kg) | 57.23 ± 11.76 | 58.06 ± 9.24 | 54.70 ± 9.77 * | 58.59 ± 8.77 * |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.85 ± 4.93 | 24.23 ± 3.37 | 23.80 ± 3.81 | 25.04 ± 4.44 |
Item | Description | Measure |
---|---|---|
BBT | The subjects are instructed to move one block at a time from one compartment to the other one of the test box as fast as possible, but in one minute. | Number of blocks |
CSRT | The subjects are seated on a chair with knee straight, then being instructed to place one hand on the other with tips of the middle fingers flush. The subjects reach slowly toward the toes by bending their trunks while exhaling. Distance between the fingers and the toes was measured. Average of two trials. *A negative distance means that the fingertips did not reach the toes, while a positive score means that the fingertips reached beyond the toes. | cm |
Muscle strength | Measured by a hand dynamometer (Jamar® Lafayette Instrument Company, Lafayette, IN, USA) for grip, a finger pinch gauge for pinch, and a digital dynamometer (MicroFET 3) for lower extremities. Average of three trials. | |
grip | The subjects are seated, squeezing the hand dynamometer with their fingers as hard as they can without any body movement. | kg |
pinch | The subjects are seated, squeezing the pinch gauge with their thumb and index fingers as hard as they can without any body movement. | kg |
knee extensor | The subjects are seated, extending their knees against the resistance of the examiner applying on the anterior aspect of shanks proximal to their ankles. | kg |
knee flexor | The subjects are prone, flexing their knees against the resistance of the examiner applying on the posterior aspect of shanks proximal to their ankles. | kg |
hip abductor | The subjects are side lying, abducting their hips against the resistance of the examiner applying on the lateral aspect of their knee. | kg |
STS | The subjects stand up and sit back from a straight-back chair three times as fast as possible with arm folded across the chest if possible. Time of three-time movements will be measured. Average of two trials. | sec |
MST | The subjects are stepping alternatively as fast as possible while being seated for one minute. When one leg is raising, the foot should be completely off the ground. The score is the repetition number of stepping for one minute. | 1/min |
6-M walk | The subjects have to walk 6 m as fast as possible (with or without walking aid). Time of the movement will be recorded. | sec |
FRT | The subjects are standing upright, stretching their arms forward, maintaining a fixed base of support while leaning forward is allowed. The distance between the front end of their fists before and after the movement will be measured. Average of two trials. | cm |
CD-RPA | CD-NPA | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Item | (n = 35) | (n = 40) | |
Grip (kg) | |||
dominant | 21.05 ± 6.68 | 18.03 ± 5.25 | 0.031 * |
nondominant | 18.67 ± 6.18 | 18.57 ± 5.69 | 0.942 |
Pinch (kg) | |||
dominant | 7.85 ± 3.89 | 4.74 ± 1.46 | <0.001 *** |
nondominant | 6.86 ± 3.73 | 4.44 ± 1.47 | 0.001 ** |
CSRT (cm) | |||
right | 3.40 ± 11.27 | −3.32 ± 11.23 | 0.059 |
left | 2.57 ± 11.58 | −3.38 ± 11.32 | 0.101 |
BBT (number of blocks) | |||
dominant | 59.9 ± 9.2 | 45.2 ± 11.9 | <0.001 *** |
nondominant | 55.7 ± 7.6 | 42.0 ± 9.9 | <0.001 *** |
Knee extensor (kg) | |||
right | 13.31 ± 3.46 | 10.82 ± 5.42 | 0.057 |
left | 12.50 ± 3.45 | 10.94 ± 5.46 | 0.228 |
Knee flexor (kg) | |||
right | 11.70 ± 3.01 | 10.51 ± 4.49 | 0.357 |
left | 11.29 ± 2.99 | 10.04 ± 4.49 | 0.335 |
Hip abductor (kg) | |||
right | 13.80 ± 3.42 | 12.16 ± 4.36 | 0.158 |
left | 14.12 ± 7.26 | 11.16 ± 4.49 | 0.151 |
DC-RPA | DC-NPA | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Item | (n = 47) | (n = 41) | |
Grip (kg) | |||
dominant | 16.33 ± 7.81 | 10.71 ± 4.12 | <0.001 *** |
nondominant | 14.55 ± 6.56 | 9.74 ± 6.07 | 0.001 *** |
Pinch (kg) | |||
dominant | 4.29 ± 1.49 | 3.57 ± 1.43 | 0.023 * |
nondominant | 3.86 ± 1.43 | 3.36 ± 2.72 | 0.286 |
CSRT (cm) | |||
right | −3.89 ± 8.53 | −11.35 ± 12.95 | 0.031 * |
left | 5.61 ± 9.27 | −11.55 ± 12.62 | 0.083 |
BBT (number of blocks) | |||
dominant | 38.7 ± 10.1 | 35.0 ± 12.9 | 0.131 |
nondominant | 37.8 ± 11.0 | 32.6 ± 11.8 | 0.039 * |
STS (sec) | 9.18 ± 5.96 | 13.83 ± 9.98 | 0.037 * |
MST (1/min) | 188.00 ± 62.14 | 130.54 ± 46.51 | 0.002 ** |
6-M walk (sec) | 22.04 ± 20.66 | 23.75 ± 20.29 | 0.772 |
FRT (cm) | 16.53 ± 6.26 | 16.46 ± 9.36 | 0.98 |
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Cheng, I.-F.; Kuo, L.-C.; Tsai, Y.-J.; Su, F.-C. The Comparisons of Physical Functional Performances between Older Adults with and without Regular Physical Activity in Two Different Living Settings. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 3561. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073561
Cheng I-F, Kuo L-C, Tsai Y-J, Su F-C. The Comparisons of Physical Functional Performances between Older Adults with and without Regular Physical Activity in Two Different Living Settings. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(7):3561. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073561
Chicago/Turabian StyleCheng, I-Fang, Li-Chieh Kuo, Yi-Jung Tsai, and Fong-Chin Su. 2021. "The Comparisons of Physical Functional Performances between Older Adults with and without Regular Physical Activity in Two Different Living Settings" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7: 3561. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073561