Co-Use of Alcohol and Cannabis: Longitudinal Associations with Mental Health Outcomes in Young Adulthood
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedures
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Mental Health Symptoms
2.2.2. Substance Use
2.2.3. Substance-Related Harm
2.3. Analysis Plan
3. Results
3.1. Demographics of Co-Use Groups
3.2. Mental Health Outcomes
3.3. Substance Use
3.4. Substance-Related Harm
3.5. Associations with Frequency of Simultaneous Use
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Alcohol-Only (n = 189; 42%) | Concurrent (n = 60; 13%) | Simultaneous (n = 182; 41%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Range | Mean (SD) or n (%) | Mean (SD) or n (%) | Mean (SD) or (%) | F or χ2 | |
Gender | |||||
Boys | 74 (39%) a | 21 (35%) a | 108 (59%) b | 19.26 *** | |
Girls | 115 (61%) | 39 (65%) | 74 (41%) | ||
Substance Use History | |||||
Age of Onset Alcohol | 10–23 | 15.05 (2.48) a | 14.00 (2.02) b | 14.08 (1.87) b | 10.91 *** |
Age of Onset Marijuana | 6–26 | 16.22 (2.67) a | 15.87 (2.73) ab | 15.74 (2.56) b | 4.38 * |
T1 Freq of HED | 1–5 | 1.43 (0.83) a | 1.67 (1.10) ab | 1.83 (1.14) b | 7.34 *** |
T1 Freq of Marijuana | 0–4 | 1.47 (0.91) a | 1.70 (1.06) ab | 1.98 (1.37) b | 9.09 *** |
Mental Health T6 | |||||
Anxiety | 0–12 | 5.40 (2.93) a | 6.37 (2.93) b | 5.19 (2.38) a | 3.85 * |
Depression | 0–12 | 2.68 (2.60) | 3.44 (2.81) | 2.75 (2.34) | 1.99 |
Psychosis | 0–10 | 1.70 (2.15) a | 2.07 (2.21) ab | 2.58 (2.35) b | 6.56 ** |
ADHD | 0–11 | 3.39 (2.28) a | 4.00 (2.65) ab | 3.99 (2.29) b | 3.21 * |
ODD | 0–11 | 2.67 (2.03) a | 3.37 (2.43) b | 3.24 (2.11) b | 4.06 * |
CD | 0–7 | 0.80 (1.00) a | 1.13 (0.97) a | 1.25 (1.06) b | 8.33 *** |
Substance Use T6 | |||||
Freq of HED | 0–4 | 1.03 (1.08) a | 1.30 (1.19) b | 1.94 (1.14) b | 28.11 *** |
Cigarettes Past week | 0–4 | 0.36 (1.07) | 0.55 (1.29) | 0.97 (1.51) | 9.53 *** |
Freq of Marijuana | 0–4 | 0.20 (0.55) | 1.09 (1.23) | 2.13 (1.43) | 131.55 *** |
Freq of Illicit Drugs | 0–10 | 0.21 (0.63) a | 0.44 (0.63) b | 0.63 (0.79) b | 15.14 *** |
Substance-related Harms T6 | |||||
Social harms | 37 (21%) a | 17 (32%) ab | 66 (41%) b | 16.04 *** | |
Alcohol Use Disorder | 45 (25%) a | 23 (43%) b | 91 (57%) c | 33.93 *** | |
Marijuana Use Disorder | 2 (1%) a | 5 (10%) b | 48 (30%) c | 56.90 *** | |
Driving/riding drunk | 35 (20%) a | 17 (32%) ab | 58 (36%) b | 11.39 ** | |
Driving/riding high | 9 (5%) a | 13 (24%) b | 69 (43%) c | 67.92 *** |
Dependent Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alcohol (Ref) | Concurrent | Simultaneous | R2 | Concurrent (Ref) | Simultaneous | R2 | |
Mental Health Symptoms | Est (SE) | Est (SE) | Est (SE) | ||||
Anxiety | - | 0.10 (0.06) | −0.01 (0.05) | 0.158 | - | −0.15 (0.07) * | 0.219 |
Depression | - | 0.10 (0.06) | 0.03 (0.05) | 0.142 | - | −0.12 (0.08) + | 0.210 |
Psychosis | - | 0.05 (0.05) | 0.17 (0.05) *** | 0.120 | - | 0.08 (0.07) | 0.320 |
ODD | - | 0.10 (0.05) | 0.11 (0.05) * | 0.153 | - | −0.02 (0.07) | 0.214 |
ADHD | - | 0.08 (0.05) | 0.11 (0.05) | 0.127 | - | −0.04 (0.08) | 0.145 |
CD | - | 0.11 (0.05) * | 0.19 (0.06) *** | 0.042 | - | 0.03 (0.07) | 0.015 |
Substance Use | Est (SE) | Est (SE) | Est (SE) | ||||
HED | - | 0.07 (0.05) | 0.32 (0.05) *** | 0.184 | - | 0.20 (0.07) ** | 0.120 |
Tobacco use | - | 0.05 (0.05) | 0.16 (0.05) ** | 0.146 | - | 0.09 (0.07) | 0.104 |
Illicit drug use | - | 0.10 (0.05) * | 0.26 (0.06) *** | 0.096 | - | 0.11 (0.06) + | 0.028 |
Marijuana | - | - | - | - | 0.29 (0.06) *** | 0.137 | |
Substance-related Harm | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | ||||
Social harms | - | 1.53 (0.77–3.0) | 2.37 (1.42–3.94) *** | 0.071 | - | 1.55 (0.79–3.04) | 0.028 |
AUD symptoms | - | 2.05 (1.07–3.93) * | 2.96 (1.81–4.83) *** | 0.049 | - | 1.52 (0.78–2.93) | 0.022 |
Driving/riding drunk | - | 1.75 (0.88–3.49) | 1.97 (1.18–3.29) ** | 0.117 | - | 1.11 (0.56–2.18) | 0.134 |
Driving/riding high | - | - | - | - | 1.95 (0.94–4.00) | 0.049 |
Dependent Variables | SAM Frequency Est (SE) | R2 |
---|---|---|
Mental health symptoms | ||
Anxiety | −0.01 (0.05) | 0.190 |
Depression | 0.06 (0.05) | 0.231 |
Psychosis | 0.18 (0.05) *** | 0.292 |
ODD | 0.11 (0.05) * | 0.218 |
ADHD | 0.11 (0.05) * | 0.151 |
CD | 0.16 (0.06) ** | 0.045 |
Substance use | ||
HED | 0.32 (0.05) *** | 0.195 |
Tobacco use | 0.20 (0.06) ** | 0.140 |
Illicit drug use | 0.28 (0.06) *** | 0.152 |
Marijuana | 0.67 (0.04) *** | 0.513 |
Harms | OR (95% CI) | |
Social harms | 1.28 (1.05–1.56) * | 0.049 |
AUD symptoms | 1.41 (1.15–1.73) ** | 0.053 |
Driving/riding drunk | 1.38 (1.12–1.70) ** | 0.247 |
Driving/riding high | 2.04 (1.62–2.58) *** | 0.090 |
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Thompson, K.; Holley, M.; Sturgess, C.; Leadbeater, B. Co-Use of Alcohol and Cannabis: Longitudinal Associations with Mental Health Outcomes in Young Adulthood. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 3652. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073652
Thompson K, Holley M, Sturgess C, Leadbeater B. Co-Use of Alcohol and Cannabis: Longitudinal Associations with Mental Health Outcomes in Young Adulthood. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(7):3652. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073652
Chicago/Turabian StyleThompson, Kara, Maria Holley, Clea Sturgess, and Bonnie Leadbeater. 2021. "Co-Use of Alcohol and Cannabis: Longitudinal Associations with Mental Health Outcomes in Young Adulthood" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7: 3652. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073652