Health Service Access among Indonesian Migrant Domestic Workers in Taiwan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Size Calculation and Inclusion Criteria
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Study Variables
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Participants
3.2. Distribution Score of the Five Domains Access to Health Services
3.2.1. Availability
3.2.2. Accessibility
3.2.3. Accommodation
3.2.4. Affordability
3.2.5. Acceptability
3.2.6. Access to Health Services
3.3. Bivariate Analysis among Determinant Factors and Health Service Access
3.4. Multivariable Analysis for Factors Associated with Health Service Access of Migrant Workers
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Concept | Description | Condition in Taiwan |
---|---|---|
Availability | The relationship between volume and type of existing services (and resources) and clients’ volume and types of needs. |
|
Accessibility | The relationship between the location of supply and the location of clients, taking account of client’s transportation resources regarding travel time, distance, and travel costs to health facilities. |
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Accommodation | The relationship between the manner in which the supplied resources are organized to accept clients, clients’ ability to accommodate these factors, and client’s perception of resource appropriateness. |
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Affordability | The relationship of service costs and providers’ insurance or deposit requirements in relation to clients’ income, ability to pay, and existing health insurance. |
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Acceptability | The relationship of clients’ attitudes about personal and providers’ characteristics to real provider characteristics, as well as to provider attitudes about acceptable personal characteristics of clients. |
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Characteristics | n (248) | Percent (%) |
---|---|---|
Age | ||
20–25 years 26–30 years 31–35 years 36–40 years 41–45 years >45 | 32 42 56 74 39 5 | 12.9 16.9 22.6 29.8 15.7 2.0 |
Marital Status | ||
Married Not married Divorced Separated | 154 49 35 10 | 62.1 19.8 14.1 4.0 |
Educational Level | ||
Elementary school Junior high school Senior high school Bachelor Master | 23 72 146 6 1 | 9.3 29.0 58.9 2.4 0.4 |
Duration of stay | ||
<6 months 6–12 months 1 year 2 years ≥3 years | 5 29 39 45 130 | 2.0 11.7 15.7 18.1 52.4 |
Work Hours per day | ||
<5 h 5–10 h 11–15 h 16–20 h >20 h | 2 25 65 93 63 | 0.8 10.1 26.2 37.5 25.4 |
Monthly Income | ||
<5000 5000–10.000 11.000–15.000 16.000–20.000 >20.000 | 2 2 30 177 37 | 0.8 0.8 12.1 71.4 14.9 |
Work Specification | ||
Caregiver Housekeeper | 189 59 | 76.2 23.8 |
Living Status | ||
Live with employer Live with family Live with friends | 245 2 1 | 98.8 0.8 0.4 |
Health Insurance | ||
Yes No | 248 0 | 100 0 |
Ever Sick | ||
Yes No | 211 37 | 85.1 14.9 |
Other, specify | 0 | |
Nearest Health Facility | ||
Medical clinic Private hospital Public hospital | 111 60 77 | 44.8 24.2 31.0 |
Distance to Health Facility | ||
<5 km 6–10 km | 197 51 | 79.4 20.6 |
Assign someone to go with to health facilities by employee | ||
Yes No | 151 97 | 60.9 39.1 |
Yes, because (select all that apply): a. Language barrier b. Employer wants to know your illness c. Other, specify… | 111 55 0 |
Determinant Factors | Access to Health Service | p-Value | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
High Access n (%) | Low Access n (%) | ||||
Age of participants | |||||
>35 years ≤35 years | 56 (47.5) 71 (54.6) | 62 (52.5) 59 (45.4) | 0.260 | 0.751 1 | 0.455–1.237 |
Marital status | |||||
Married Not married | 88 (57.1) 39 (41.5) | 66 (42.9) 55 (58.5) | 0.017 * | 1.880 1 | 1.118–3.162 |
Education level | |||||
Senior high school or higher Junior high school or lower | 82 (53.6) 45 (47.4) | 71 (46.4) 50 (52.6) | 0.340 | 1.283 1 | 0.768–2.143 |
Duration of stay | |||||
1 year or more Less than 1 year | 107 (50.0) 20 (58.8) | 107 (50.0) 14 (41.2) | 0.339 | 0.700 1 | 0.336–1.458 |
Work hours per day | |||||
11 h or more Less than 11 h | 112 (50.7) 15 (55.6) | 109 (49.3) 12 (44.4) | 0.632 | 0.822 1 | 0.368–1.836 |
Monthly income | |||||
NT$16,000 or higher Less than NT$16,000 | 117 (54.7) 10 (29.4) | 97 (45.3) 24 (70.6) | 0.006 * | 2.895 1 | 1.320–6.348 |
Work specification | |||||
Housekeeper Caregiver | 33 (55.9) 94 (49.7) | 26 (44.1) 95 (50.3) | 0.406 | 1.283 1 | 0.713–2.309 |
Ever sick | |||||
Yes No | 111 (52.6) 16 (43.2) | 100 (47.4) 21 (56.8) | 0.293 | 1.457 1 | 0.720–2.946 |
Nearest health facility | |||||
Public hospital Other health facility | 46(59.7) 81 (47.4) | 31 (40.3) 90 (52.6) | 0.071 | 1.649 | 0.956–2.845 |
Distance to health facility | |||||
<5 km 6–10 km | 107 (54.3) 20 (39.2) | 90 (45.7) 31 (60.8) | 0.055 | 1.843 1 | 0.983–3.454 |
Employee assigned attendant for health facility visit | |||||
Yes No | 86 (57.0) 41 (42.3) | 65 (43.0) 56 (57.7) | 0.024 * | 1.807 1 | 1.079–3.027 |
Determinant Factors | Crude OR (95% CI) | p-Value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Marital status | ||||
Married | 1.880 | 2.007 | ||
Not married (ref.) | (1.118–3.162) | 0.017 | (1.175–3.429) | 0.011 |
Income | ||||
NT$16,000 or Higher | 2.895 | 2.916 | ||
Less than NT$16,000 (ref) | (1.320–6.348) | 0.006 | (1.302–6.527) | 0.009 |
Employee assigned attendant for health facility visit | ||||
Yes | 1.807 | 1.720 | ||
No (ref.) | (1.079–3.027) | 0.024 | (1.011–2.927) | 0.046 |
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Share and Cite
Weng, S.-F.; Malik, A.; Wongsin, U.; Lohmeyer, F.M.; Lin, L.-F.; Atique, S.; Jian, W.-S.; Gusman, Y.; Iqbal, U. Health Service Access among Indonesian Migrant Domestic Workers in Taiwan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 3759. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073759
Weng S-F, Malik A, Wongsin U, Lohmeyer FM, Lin L-F, Atique S, Jian W-S, Gusman Y, Iqbal U. Health Service Access among Indonesian Migrant Domestic Workers in Taiwan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(7):3759. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073759
Chicago/Turabian StyleWeng, Shuen-Fu, Azis Malik, Utoomporn Wongsin, Franziska Michaela Lohmeyer, Li-Fong Lin, Suleman Atique, Wen-Shan Jian, Yuherina Gusman, and Usman Iqbal. 2021. "Health Service Access among Indonesian Migrant Domestic Workers in Taiwan" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7: 3759. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073759