Psychological Profile in Female Cyclists and Its Relationship with Age, Training Parameters, Sport Performance, and Injury Incidence
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Chen, X.; Qiu, N.; Chen, C.; Wang, D.; Zhang, G.; Zhai, L. Self-Efficacy and Depression in Boxers: A Mediation Model. Front. Psychiatry 2020, 11, 1–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fuentes, C.A.; López-Gullón, J.M.; Belmonte, M.J.B.; Ferri, J.M.V.; Berenguí, R.; Angosto Sánchez, S. Psychological dimension in the formation process of the spanish olympic wrestler. An. Psicol. 2020, 36, 553–560. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Villalonga Melis, T.; Garcia Mas, A.; de las Heras Coll, R.; Buceta Coronado, C.; Smith, R. Instauración y tareas de un servicio de psicología del deporte en un club de fútbol profesional. Rev. Psicol. Deport. 2015, 24, 319–326. [Google Scholar]
- Robles Rodríguez, A.; Abad Robles, M.T.; Robles Rodríguez, J.; Giménez Fuentes-Guerra, F.J. Factors that affect the sport development of olympic judokas. Rev. Int. Med. Ciencias Act. Fis. Deport. 2019, 19, 259–276. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Campos, G.G.; Valdivia-Moral, P.; Zagalaz, J.C.; Ortega, F.Z.; Romero-Ramos, O. Influence of stress control in the sports performance: Self-confidence, anxiety and concentration in athletes. Retos 2017, 33, 3–6. [Google Scholar]
- Li, Y.; Huang, W.; Zhang, X.; Qian, F. The Outstanding Effect of Kayak Athletes Psychological Stress Relaxation from Workout for Water Sports Center in Jiangxi Province. Adv. Soc. Sci. Educ. Humanit. Res. 2018, 194, 51–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Spindler, D.J.; Allen, M.S.; Vella, S.A.; Swann, C. The psychology of elite cycling: A systematic review. J. Sports Sci. 2018, 36, 1943–1954. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Álvarez-Kurogi, L.; Onetti, W.; Fernández-García, J.C.; Castillo-Rodríguez, A. Does the psychological profile influence the position of promising young futsal players? PLoS ONE 2019, 14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Olmedilla, A.; García-Mas, A.; Ortega, Y.E. Psychological Characteristics for Sport Performance in Young Players of Football, Rugby, and Basketball. Acción Psicológica 2017, 14, 7–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mehrsafar, A.H.; Strahler, J.; Gazerani, P.; Khabiri, M.; Sánchez, J.C.J.; Moosakhani, A.; Zadeh, A.M. The effects of mindfulness training on competition-induced anxiety and salivary stress markers in elite Wushu athletes: A pilot study. Physiol. Behav. 2019, 210, 112655. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Röthlin, P.; Horvath, S.; Trösch, S.; Holtforth, M.G.; Birrer, D. Differential and shared effects of psychological skills training and mindfulness training on performance-relevant psychological factors in sport: A randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychol. 2020, 8, 1–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Scott-Hamilton, J.; Schutte, N.S.; Moyle, G.M.; Brown, R.F. The relationships between mindfulness, sport anxiety, pessimistic attributions and flow in competitive cyclists. Int. J. Sport Psychol. 2016, 47, 103–121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vallarino, T.; Reche García, C. Burnout, resiliencia y optimismo en el hockey sobre hierba femenino. Cuad. Psicol. Deport. 2016, 16, 73–78. [Google Scholar]
- Olmedilla, A.; Ortega, E.; Garcés De Los Fayos, E.; Abenza, L.; Blas, A.; Laguna, M. Perfil psicológico de los jugadores profesionales de balonmano y diferencias entre puestos específicos. Rev. Latinoam. Psicol. 2015, 47, 177–184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ruiz-Esteban, C.; Olmedilla, A.; Méndez, I.; Tobal, J.J. Female soccer players’ psychological profile: Differences between professional and amateur players. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 4357. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gimeno, F.; Buceta, J.M.; Pérez-Llanta, M.D.C. El cuestionario «Características Psicológicas Relacionadas con el Rendimiento Deportivo» (CPRD): Características psicométricas. Análise Psicológica 2001, 19, 93–113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Olmedilla, A.; Torres-Luque, G.; García-Mas, A.; Rubio, V.J.; Ducoing, E.; Ortega, E. Psychological profiling of triathlon and road cycling athletes. Front. Psychol. 2018, 9, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- González-Reyes, A.A.; Moo Estrella, J.; Olmedilla, A. Características psicológicas que influyen en las lesiones deportivas de triatletas amateurs de Yucatán, México. Rev. Psicol. Deport. 2017, 26, 71–77. [Google Scholar]
- Reigal, R.E.; Delgado-Giralt, J.E.; Raimundi, M.J.; Hernández-Mendo, A. Perfil psicológico deportivo en una muestra de triatletas amateurs y diferencias con otros deportes. Cuad. Psicol. Deport. 2018, 18, 55–62. [Google Scholar]
- Ramírez, A.; Prieto, J.M. Análisis de las habilidades psicológicas en los deportistas promesas y talentos guipuzcoanos. Retos 2020, 2041, 465–470. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Olmedilla, A.; Ruiz-Barquín, R.; Ponseti, F.J.; Robles-Palazón, F.J.; García-Mas, A. Competitive psychological disposition and perception of performance in young female soccer players. Front. Psychol. 2019, 10, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beischer, S.; Hamrin Senorski, E.; Thomeé, C.; Samuelsson, K.; Thomeé, R. How Is Psychological Outcome Related to Knee Function and Return to Sport Among Adolescent Athletes After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction? Am. J. Sports Med. 2019, 47, 1567–1575. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Christino, M.A.; Fleming, B.C.; Machan, J.T.; Shalvoy, R.M. Psychological Factors Associated With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Recovery. Orthop. J. Sport. Med. 2016, 4, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Berengüí-Gil, R.; Puga, J.L. Predictores psicológicos de lesión en jóvenes deportistas / Psychological Predictors of Injury in Young Athletes. Rev. Costarric. Psicol. 2015, 34, 113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Naderi, A.; Shaabani, F.; Gharayagh Zandi, H.; Calmeiro, L.; Brewer, B.W. The Effects of a Mindfulness-Based Program on the Incidence of Injuries in Young Male Soccer Players. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol. 2020, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mohammed, W.A.; Pappous, A.; Sharma, D. Effect of Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) in increasing pain tolerance and improving the mental health of injured athletes. Front. Psychol. 2018, 9, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Van Wijk, C.; Fourie, M. Using psychological markers of sport injuries for navy diving training. Int. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol. 2017, 15, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Reigal, R.E.; Delgado-Giralt, J.E.; Raimundi, M.J.; Hernández-Mendo, A. Sports psychological profile in a sample of amateur triathletes and differences with other sports. Cuad. Psicol. Deport. 2018, 18, 55–62. [Google Scholar]
- Hidalgo, L.; Tamayo, I.M.; Chirosa, L.J. Análisis de las caracterísicas psicológicas y la toma de decisiones en un grupo de nadadores. Rev. Iberoam. Psicol. Ejerc. Deport. 2015, 10, 49–56. [Google Scholar]
- Union Cycliste Internationale UCI World Tour. Available online: https://www.uci.org/road/events/uci-worldtour (accessed on 21 February 2021).
- Jaenes Sánchez, J.; Carmona Márquez, J.; Lopa Peralto, E. Evaluación y análisis de habilidades psicológicas relacionadas con el rendimiento deportivo en gimnastas de rítmica. Rev. Iberoam. Psicol. Ejerc. Deport. 2010, 5, 15–28. [Google Scholar]
- Ramos Cabal, H.; Salguero del Valle, A.; González Diñeiro, Á.; Molinero González, O.; Márquez, S. Adaptación Para Deportes de Montaña (CPRD-M) del Cuestionario “Características Psicológicas Relacionadas con el Rendimiento Deportivo” (CPRD). Rev. Iberoam. de Diagnostico y Evaluacion 2018, 47, 185–196. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gimeno, F.; Buceta, J.M.; Pérez-Llantada, M.C. Influencia de las variables psicológicas en el deporte de competición: Evaluación mediante el cuestionario Características psicológicas relacionadas con el rendimiento deportivo. Psicothema 2007, 19, 667–672. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Díaz Pereira, M.D.P. Estrés y Prevención de Lesiones; Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia: Madrid, Spain, 2001. [Google Scholar]
- Abenza, L.; Olmedilla, A.; Ortega, E.; Esparza, F. Lesiones y factores psicológicos en futbolistas juveniles. Arch. Med. del Deport. 2009, 26, 280–288. [Google Scholar]
- Olmedilla, A. Factores Psicológicos y Lesiones en Futbolistas: Un Estudio Correlacional. Monografía de la Actividad Física y del Deporte; Quaderna Editorial: Murcia, Spain, 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Ortín Montero, F.J. Factores Psicológicos y Socio-Deportivos y Lesiones en Jugadores de Fútbol Semiprofesionales y Profesionales; Universidad de Murcia: Murcia, Spain, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Carretero-Dios, H.; Pérez, C. Normas para el desarrollo y revisión de estudios instrumentales. Int. J. Clin. Heal. Psychol. 2005, 5, 521–551. [Google Scholar]
- De Pauw, K.; Roelands, B.; Cheung, S.S.; De Geus, B.; Rietjens, G.; Meeusen, R. Guidelines to classify subject groups in sport-science research. Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform. 2013, 8, 111–122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- García-Naveira, A.; Remor, E. Motivación de logro, indicadores de competitividad y rendimiento en un equipo de jugadores de fútbol de competición varones entre 14 y 24 años. Univ. Psychol. 2011, 10, 477–487. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hopkins, W.G.; Marshall, S.W.; Batterham, A.M.; Hanin, J. Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2009, 41, 3–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cohen, J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences; Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: Hillsdale, MI, USA, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Olmedilla, A.; Ortega, E.; Andreu, M.D.; Ortín, F.J. A psychological intervention programme for footballers: An evaluation of psychological skills through the CPRD. Rev. Psicol. Deport. 2010, 19, 249–262. [Google Scholar]
- Ruiz Barquín, R. Análisis de las diferencias de personalidad en el deporte del judo a nivel competitivo en función de la variable sexo y categoría de edad deportiva. Cuad. Psicol. Deport. 2005, 5, 29–48. [Google Scholar]
- Ponseti Verdaguer, F.J.; García Más, A.; Cantallops Ramón, J.; Vidal Conti, J. Gender differences in relation to anxiety associated with sports competitions. Retos 2016, 31, 193–196. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arias, I.A.; Cardozo, T.; Aguirre-Loaiza, H.H.; Arenas, J. Características psicológicas de rendimiento deportivo en deportes de conjunto: Diferencias entre modalidad y género. Psicogente 2016, 19, 25–36. [Google Scholar]
- Martínez-Moreno, A. Calidad del perfil motivacional en jugadores de balonmano. E-balonmano.com Rev. Cienc. Deport. 2017, 13, 27–36. [Google Scholar]
- López Cazorla, R.; Hernández Mendo, A.; Reigal Garrido, R.E.; Morales Sánchez, V. Relaciones entre el autoconcepto y el perfil psicológico deportivo en triatletas. Cuad. Psicol. Deport. 2015, 15, 95–102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Reche García, C.; Cepero, M.; Rojas, F.J. Efecto de la experiencia deportiva en las habilidades psicológicas de esgrimistas del ranking nacional español. Cuad. Psicol. Deport. 2010, 10, 33–42. [Google Scholar]
- Quesada, D.; Gómez López, M. Perfiles motivacionales de los usuarios de un centro deportivo público. J. Sport Heal. Res. 2017, 9, 85–96. [Google Scholar]
- Boccia, G.; Cardinale, M.; Brustio, P.R. Performance progression of elite jumpers: Early performances do not predict later success. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sport. 2020, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Knechtle, B.; Nikolaidis, P.T. Sex- and age-related differences in half-marathon performance and competitiveness in the world’s largest half-marathon—The GöteborgsVarvet. Res. Sports Med. 2018, 26, 75–85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- González Campos, G.; Campos Mesa, M.; Romero Granados, S. Análisis de la influencia de la evaluación del rendimiento en jugadores de un equipo de fútbol. Retos Nuevas Tend. Educ. Física Deport. Recreación 2014, 2041, 85–89. [Google Scholar]
- Marsillas, S.; Ria, A.; Isorna, M.; Alonso, D. Niveles de rendimiento y factores psicológicos en deportistas en formación. Reflexiones para entender la exigencia psicológica del Alto Rendimiento. Rev. Iberoam. Psicol. Ejerc. Deport. 2014, 9, 353–368. [Google Scholar]
- Marcos, F.M.L.; Calvo, T.G.; González, I.P.; Miguel, P.A.S.; Oliva, D.S. Interacción de la cohesión en la eficacia percibida, las expectativas de éxito y el rendimiento en equipos de baloncesto. Rev. Psicol. del Deport. 2010, 19, 89–102. [Google Scholar]
- Tutte, V.; Reche, C.; Álvarez, V. Evaluación e intervención psicológica en jugadoras de hockey sobre hierba femenino. / Evaluation and psychological intervention in female grass hockey players. Cuad. Psicol. Deport. 2020, 20, 62–74. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Olmedilla, A.; Sánchez-Aldeguer, M.F.; Almansa, C.M.; Gómez-Espejo, V.; Ortega, E. Entrenamiento psicológico y mejora de aspectos psicológicos relevantes para el rendimiento deportivo en jugadoras de fútbol. Rev. Psicol. Apl. Deport. Ejerc. Físico 2018, 3, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Olmedilla, A.; Moreno-Fernández, I.M.; Gómez-Espejo, V.; Robles-Palazón, F.J.; Verdú, I.; Ortega, E. Psychological Intervention Program to Control Stress in Youth Soccer Players. Front. Psychol. 2019, 10, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- González-García, H.; Pelegrín, A.; Carballo, J.L. Link between locus of control, anger and sport performance in table tennis players. Cult. Cienc. Deport. 2017, 12, 117–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Llewellyn, D.J.; Sanchez, X. Individual differences and risk taking in rock climbing. Psychol. Sport Exerc. 2008, 9, 413–426. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Slanger, E.; Rudestam, K.E. Motivation and disinhibition in high risk sports: Sensation seeking and self-efficacy. J. Res. Pers. 1997, 31, 355–374. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rubio, V.J.; Pujals, C.; De La Vega, R.; Aguado, D.; Hernández, J.M. Autoeficacia y lesiones deportivas: Factor protector o de riesgo? Rev. Psicol. Deport. 2014, 23, 439–444. [Google Scholar]
- Olmedilla, A.; Laguna, M.; Redondo, A. Lesiones y características psicológicas en jugadores de balonmano. Rev. Andaluza Med. Deport. 2011, 4, 6–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Andreu, J.M.P.; Ortega, E.; De Los Fayos, E.J.G.; Olmedilla, A. Perfiles de personalidad relacionados con la vulnerabilidad del deportista a lesionarse. Rev. Psicol. Deport. 2014, 23, 431–437. [Google Scholar]
- Lavarello, J. Estudio correlacional entre las variables medidas por el CPRD en futbolistas de las divisiones menores del fútbol chileno. Rev. Cuba. Med. Deport. Cult. Física 2004, 1, 1–8. [Google Scholar]
- Pacheco, M.P.; Gómez, J. Caracteristicas psicológicas y rendimiento deportivo. un estudio en jugadores bolivianos. Ajayu 2005, 3, 1–26. [Google Scholar]
- Nicholls, J.G. The competitive ethos and democratic education. Choice Rev. Online 1989, 27, 27–1049. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Álvarez, O.; Estevan, I.; Falcó, C.; Hernández-mendo, A.; Castillo, I. Perfil de habilidades psicologicas en el taekwondo. Cuad. Psicol. Deport. 2014, 14, 13–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mouratidis, A.; Michou, A. Perfectionism, self-determined motivation, and coping among adolescent athletes. Psychol. Sport Exerc. 2011, 12, 355–367. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Godoy-Izquierdo, D.; Vélez, M.; Pradas, F. Nivel de dominio de las habilidades psicológicas en jóvenes jugadores de tenis de mesa, badminton y fútbol. Rev. Psicol. Deport. 2009, 18, 7–22. [Google Scholar]
- Vives Benedicto, L.; Garcés de los Fayos Ruiz, E.; Garcés de Los Fayos Ruiz, E. Incidencia del síndrome de burnout en el perfil-cognitivo en jóvenes deportistas de alto rendimiento. Cuad. Psicol. Deport. 2004, 4, 29–44. [Google Scholar]
- Bohórquez Gómez-Millán, M.R.; Delgado Vega, P.; Fernández Gavira, J. Rendimientos deportivos auto y heteropercibidos y cohesión grupal: Un estudio exploratorio. Retos 2016, 103–106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gomez-Marcos, G.; Sanchez-Sanchez, M. Descripción y diferencias en las variables psicológicas relacionadas con el rendimiento deportivo de triatletas y para-triatletas. Retos 2019, 2041, 22–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lorenzo, J.; Gómez, M.A.; Pujais, C.; Lorenzo, A. Análisis de los efectos de un programa de intervención psicológica en jóvenes jugadores de baloncesto. Rev. Psicol. Deport. 2012, 21, 43–48. [Google Scholar]
Variable | Results | |
---|---|---|
Age | Age (mean ± SD) | 23.95 ± 9.29 |
Age distribution by categories (n and %) | ||
Infantile and cadet (13–16 years) | 19 (31.1%) | |
Juvenile (17–18 years) | 10 (16.4%) | |
Under 23 (19–22 years) | 7 (11.5%) | |
Elite (23–30 years) | 8 (13.1%) | |
Master (>30 years) | 17 (27.9%) | |
Training and performance variables | Weekly practice hours (mean ± SD) | 11.97 ± 4.41 |
Frequency of weekly practice (mean ± SD) | 2.66 ± 0.63 | |
Years of sports practice (mean ± SD) | 7.85 ± 4.19 | |
Number of podiums in the last year (mean ± SD) | 1.40 ± 1.28 | |
Sports level (n and %) | ||
1 | 4 (6.6%) | |
2 | 0 (0.0%) | |
3 | 11 (18.0%) | |
4 | 6 (9.8%) | |
5 | 40 (65.6%) | |
Podiums in last competitions (n and %) | ||
Yes | 40 (65.6%) | |
No | 21 (34.4%) | |
Called up with the Spanish national team (n and %) | ||
Yes | 12 (19.7%) | |
No | 49 (80.3%) | |
Psychological characteristics related to sports performance | Stress management (mean ± SD) | 44.28 ± 13.62 |
Influence of performance evaluation (Mean ± SD) | 23.93 ± 7.51 | |
Motivation (mean ± SD) | 19.05 ± 4.12 | |
Mental ability (mean ± SD) | 21.30 ± 3.22 | |
Team cohesion (mean ± SD) | 19.39 ± 2.88 | |
Sports injuries | Sports injuries in the last year (n and %) | |
Yes | 22 (36.1%) | |
No | 39 (63.9%) | |
Number of injuries in the last year (mean ± SD) | 1.50 ± 0.67 | |
Severity of injury (n and %) | ||
Slight | 8 (36.4%) | |
Moderate | 9 (40.9%) | |
Serious | 5 (22.7%) | |
Cyclists fully recovered from last season’s injuries (n and %) | ||
Yes | 18 (66.7%) | |
No | 9 (33.3%) |
Stress Management | Influence on Performance Evaluation | Motivation | Mental Ability | Team Cohesion | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | |||||
13–16 | 44.93± 11.18 | 25.07 ± 5.17 | 19.67 ± 1.70 | 21.52 ± 1.28 | 18.79 ± 0.63 |
17–18 | 42.57 ± 9.19 | 22.04 ± 4.41 | 19.00 ± 1.90 | 20.26 ± 1.07 | 19.40 ± 0.29 |
19–22 | 39.53 ± 11.63 | 20.21 ± 4.90 | 18.10 ± 1.79 | 20.61 ± 1.02 | 19.81 ± 0.58 ** |
23–30 | 44.21 ± 10.93 | 21.50 ± 8.87 | 18.49 ± 2.66 | 20.80 ± 1.87 | 19.56 ± 0.69 |
>30 | 47.80 ± 8.16 | 26.81 ± 5.62 | 18.95 ± 1.98 | 20.98± 1.19 | 18.93 ± 0.78 |
F, p | 0.976; p = 0.428 | 2.605; p = 0.045 | 1.047; p = 0.392 | 1.788; p = 0.144 | 5.035; p = 0.002 |
Effect size | 0.090 | 0.065 | 0.191 | 0.079 | 0.074 |
Sports level | |||||
1 | 51.11 ± 14.29 | 28.05 ± 5.20 | 20.17 ± 2.30 | 21.22 ± 1.62 | 17.63± 0.08 ** |
2 | |||||
3 | 48.63 ± 7.64 | 29.10 ± 3.62 | 19.10 ± 1.93 | 21.40 ± 1.38 | 18.33 ± 0.18 ** |
4 | 40.68 ± 7.97 | 22.12 ± 6.55 | 19.39 ± 1.65 | 20.90 ± 1.60 | 18.82± 0.00 ** |
5 | 43.47 ± 10.28 | 22.52 ± 5.80 ** | 18.82 ± 2.01 | 20.83 ± 1.26 | 19.57 ± 0.42 |
F, p | 1.655; p = 0.187 | 5.030; p = 0.004 | 0.646; p = 0.589 | 0.571; p = 0.637 | 64.706; p = 0.000 |
Effect size | 0.091 | 0.080 | 0.017 | 0.074 | 0.062 |
Have you been called up to the Spanish national team? | |||||
Yes | 45.08 ± 13.18 | 22.83 ± 6.65 | 19.25 ± 4.77 | 21.25 ± 3.70 | 18.67 ± 3.31 |
No | 44.08 ± 13.85 | 24.20 ± 7.75 | 19.00 ± 4.00 | 21.31± 3.13 | 19.57 ± 2.77 |
t, p | 0.227; p = 0.822 | −0.563; p = 0.575 | 0.187; p = 0.852 | −0.054; p = 0.957 | −0.976; p = 0.333 |
d | 0.07 | 0.19 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.29 |
Have you been on the podium in recent competitions? | |||||
Yes | 46.45 ± 13.48 | 25.35 ± 7.38 | 20.43 ± 4.07 | 21.70 ± 3.63 | 18.95± 3.03 |
No | 40.14 ± 13.22 | 21.24 ± 7.16 * | 16.43 ± 2.75 ** | 20.52 ± 2.09 | 20.24 ± 2.41 |
t, p | 1.748; p = 0.086 | 2.087; p = 0.041 | 4.035; p = 0.000 | 1.367; p = 0.177 | −1.687; p = 0.097 |
d | 0.47 | 0,.56 | 1.15 | 0.40 | 0.47 |
Have you suffered any injuries in the last year? | |||||
Yes | 48.14 ± 12.94 | 25.73 ± 7.97 | 18.59 ± 3.62 | 21.77 ± 3.01 | 19.41 ± 2.70 |
No | 42.10 ± 13.67 | 22.92 ± 7.15 | 19.31 ± 4.40 | 21.03 ± 3.34 | 19.38 ± 3.01 |
t, p | 1.687; p = 0.097 | 1.412; p = 0.163 | −0.650; p = 0.518 | 0.869; p = 0.388 | 0.032; p = 0.975 |
d | 0.45 | 0.37 | 0.18 | 0.23 | 0.01 |
Injury severity | |||||
Slight | 39.51 ± 9.19 ** | 23.09 ± 4.57 | 18.60 ± 1.60 | 20.77 ± 0.89 | 18.90 ± 0.78 |
Moderate | 54.43 ± 8.31 | 28.86 ± 5.13 | 19.69 ± 2.13 | 21.37 ± 1.35 | 18.91 ± 0.84 |
Serious | 45.79 ± 8.89 | 26.16 ± 5.54 | 18.81 ± 2.30 | 21.15 ± 1.09 | 18.92 ± 0.50 |
F, p | 6.204; p = 0.008 | 2.793; p = 0.086 | 0.700; p = 0.509 | 0.596; p = 0.561 | 0.001; p = 0.999 |
Effect size | 0.233 | 0.395 | 0.020 | 0.019 | 0.187 |
Have you fully recovered from the injury? | |||||
Yes | 46.94 ± 12.59 | 25.17 ± 8.14 | 18.33 ± 3.71 | 21.72 ± 3.14 | 19.78 ± 1.83 |
No | 45.33 ± 14.55 | 24.56 ± 6.78 | 18.33 ± 4.00 | 20.67 ± 2.55 | 19.11 ± 3.59 |
t, p | 0.298; p = 0.768 | 0.194; p = 0.848 | 0.000; p = 1.000 | 0.872; p = 0.391 | 0.645; p = 0.524 |
d | 0.12 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.37 | 0.24 |
Influence on Performance Evaluation | Motivation | Mental Ability | Team Cohesion | Age | Practice Hours | Frequency of Sports Practice | Years of Sports Practice | Number of Podiums in the Last Year | Number of Injuries in the Last Year | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stress management | 0.762 ** | 0.173 | 0.305 * | −0.184 | 0.183 | −0.116 | −0.133 | 0.010 | 0.212 | 0.085 |
Influence of performance evaluation | 0.024 | 0.248 | −0.168 | 0.188 | −0.248 | −0.252 | −0.115 | 0.194 | −0.187 | |
Motivation | 0.331 ** | −0.037 | −0.301 * | 0.030 | 0.071 | −0.211 | 0.398 ** | −0.186 | ||
Mental ability | 0.086 | 0.056 | −0.173 | −0.097 | −0.355 ** | 0.236 | −0.294 | |||
Team cohesion | 0.097 | 0.214 | 0.104 | 0.175 | −0.369 ** | −0.118 | ||||
Age | −0.084 | −0.222 | 0.079 | −0.155 | −0.045 | |||||
Practice hours | 0.711 ** | 0.090 | 0.055 | 0.097 | ||||||
Frequency of sports practice | 0.069 | 0.043 | 0.211 | |||||||
Years of sports practice | −0.009 | 0.015 | ||||||||
Number of podiums in the last year | −0.136 |
Analysis | R2 | p | Independent Variables Included | Standardized Coefficients (β) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stress Management | |||||
Model 1 | 0.581 | 0.000 | Influence of performance evaluation | 0.762 | 0.000 |
Influence of Performance Evaluation | |||||
Model 1 | 0.581 | 0.000 | Stress management | 0.762 | 0.000 |
Motivation | |||||
Model 1 | 0.159 | 0.002 | Number of podiums in the last year | 0.398 | 0.002 |
Mental Ability | |||||
Model 1 | 0.126 | 0.005 | Years of experience | −0.355 | 0.005 |
Model 2 | 0.167 | 0.002 | Years of experience | −0.299 | 0.016 |
Motivation | 0.268 | 0.030 | |||
Team Cohesion | |||||
Model 1 | 0.136 | 0.005 | Number of podiums in the last year | −0.369 | 0.005 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Abenza-Cano, L.; Chung, L.H.; Vaquero-Cristóbal, R.; Mateo-Orcajada, A.; Encarnación-Martínez, A. Psychological Profile in Female Cyclists and Its Relationship with Age, Training Parameters, Sport Performance, and Injury Incidence. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 3825. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073825
Abenza-Cano L, Chung LH, Vaquero-Cristóbal R, Mateo-Orcajada A, Encarnación-Martínez A. Psychological Profile in Female Cyclists and Its Relationship with Age, Training Parameters, Sport Performance, and Injury Incidence. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(7):3825. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073825
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbenza-Cano, Lucía, Linda H. Chung, Raquel Vaquero-Cristóbal, Adrián Mateo-Orcajada, and Alberto Encarnación-Martínez. 2021. "Psychological Profile in Female Cyclists and Its Relationship with Age, Training Parameters, Sport Performance, and Injury Incidence" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7: 3825. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073825
APA StyleAbenza-Cano, L., Chung, L. H., Vaquero-Cristóbal, R., Mateo-Orcajada, A., & Encarnación-Martínez, A. (2021). Psychological Profile in Female Cyclists and Its Relationship with Age, Training Parameters, Sport Performance, and Injury Incidence. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(7), 3825. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073825