Psychological Profile in Female Cyclists and Its Relationship with Age, Training Parameters, Sport Performance, and Injury Incidence
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Results | |
---|---|---|
Age | Age (mean ± SD) | 23.95 ± 9.29 |
Age distribution by categories (n and %) | ||
Infantile and cadet (13–16 years) | 19 (31.1%) | |
Juvenile (17–18 years) | 10 (16.4%) | |
Under 23 (19–22 years) | 7 (11.5%) | |
Elite (23–30 years) | 8 (13.1%) | |
Master (>30 years) | 17 (27.9%) | |
Training and performance variables | Weekly practice hours (mean ± SD) | 11.97 ± 4.41 |
Frequency of weekly practice (mean ± SD) | 2.66 ± 0.63 | |
Years of sports practice (mean ± SD) | 7.85 ± 4.19 | |
Number of podiums in the last year (mean ± SD) | 1.40 ± 1.28 | |
Sports level (n and %) | ||
1 | 4 (6.6%) | |
2 | 0 (0.0%) | |
3 | 11 (18.0%) | |
4 | 6 (9.8%) | |
5 | 40 (65.6%) | |
Podiums in last competitions (n and %) | ||
Yes | 40 (65.6%) | |
No | 21 (34.4%) | |
Called up with the Spanish national team (n and %) | ||
Yes | 12 (19.7%) | |
No | 49 (80.3%) | |
Psychological characteristics related to sports performance | Stress management (mean ± SD) | 44.28 ± 13.62 |
Influence of performance evaluation (Mean ± SD) | 23.93 ± 7.51 | |
Motivation (mean ± SD) | 19.05 ± 4.12 | |
Mental ability (mean ± SD) | 21.30 ± 3.22 | |
Team cohesion (mean ± SD) | 19.39 ± 2.88 | |
Sports injuries | Sports injuries in the last year (n and %) | |
Yes | 22 (36.1%) | |
No | 39 (63.9%) | |
Number of injuries in the last year (mean ± SD) | 1.50 ± 0.67 | |
Severity of injury (n and %) | ||
Slight | 8 (36.4%) | |
Moderate | 9 (40.9%) | |
Serious | 5 (22.7%) | |
Cyclists fully recovered from last season’s injuries (n and %) | ||
Yes | 18 (66.7%) | |
No | 9 (33.3%) |
Stress Management | Influence on Performance Evaluation | Motivation | Mental Ability | Team Cohesion | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | |||||
13–16 | 44.93± 11.18 | 25.07 ± 5.17 | 19.67 ± 1.70 | 21.52 ± 1.28 | 18.79 ± 0.63 |
17–18 | 42.57 ± 9.19 | 22.04 ± 4.41 | 19.00 ± 1.90 | 20.26 ± 1.07 | 19.40 ± 0.29 |
19–22 | 39.53 ± 11.63 | 20.21 ± 4.90 | 18.10 ± 1.79 | 20.61 ± 1.02 | 19.81 ± 0.58 ** |
23–30 | 44.21 ± 10.93 | 21.50 ± 8.87 | 18.49 ± 2.66 | 20.80 ± 1.87 | 19.56 ± 0.69 |
>30 | 47.80 ± 8.16 | 26.81 ± 5.62 | 18.95 ± 1.98 | 20.98± 1.19 | 18.93 ± 0.78 |
F, p | 0.976; p = 0.428 | 2.605; p = 0.045 | 1.047; p = 0.392 | 1.788; p = 0.144 | 5.035; p = 0.002 |
Effect size | 0.090 | 0.065 | 0.191 | 0.079 | 0.074 |
Sports level | |||||
1 | 51.11 ± 14.29 | 28.05 ± 5.20 | 20.17 ± 2.30 | 21.22 ± 1.62 | 17.63± 0.08 ** |
2 | |||||
3 | 48.63 ± 7.64 | 29.10 ± 3.62 | 19.10 ± 1.93 | 21.40 ± 1.38 | 18.33 ± 0.18 ** |
4 | 40.68 ± 7.97 | 22.12 ± 6.55 | 19.39 ± 1.65 | 20.90 ± 1.60 | 18.82± 0.00 ** |
5 | 43.47 ± 10.28 | 22.52 ± 5.80 ** | 18.82 ± 2.01 | 20.83 ± 1.26 | 19.57 ± 0.42 |
F, p | 1.655; p = 0.187 | 5.030; p = 0.004 | 0.646; p = 0.589 | 0.571; p = 0.637 | 64.706; p = 0.000 |
Effect size | 0.091 | 0.080 | 0.017 | 0.074 | 0.062 |
Have you been called up to the Spanish national team? | |||||
Yes | 45.08 ± 13.18 | 22.83 ± 6.65 | 19.25 ± 4.77 | 21.25 ± 3.70 | 18.67 ± 3.31 |
No | 44.08 ± 13.85 | 24.20 ± 7.75 | 19.00 ± 4.00 | 21.31± 3.13 | 19.57 ± 2.77 |
t, p | 0.227; p = 0.822 | −0.563; p = 0.575 | 0.187; p = 0.852 | −0.054; p = 0.957 | −0.976; p = 0.333 |
d | 0.07 | 0.19 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.29 |
Have you been on the podium in recent competitions? | |||||
Yes | 46.45 ± 13.48 | 25.35 ± 7.38 | 20.43 ± 4.07 | 21.70 ± 3.63 | 18.95± 3.03 |
No | 40.14 ± 13.22 | 21.24 ± 7.16 * | 16.43 ± 2.75 ** | 20.52 ± 2.09 | 20.24 ± 2.41 |
t, p | 1.748; p = 0.086 | 2.087; p = 0.041 | 4.035; p = 0.000 | 1.367; p = 0.177 | −1.687; p = 0.097 |
d | 0.47 | 0,.56 | 1.15 | 0.40 | 0.47 |
Have you suffered any injuries in the last year? | |||||
Yes | 48.14 ± 12.94 | 25.73 ± 7.97 | 18.59 ± 3.62 | 21.77 ± 3.01 | 19.41 ± 2.70 |
No | 42.10 ± 13.67 | 22.92 ± 7.15 | 19.31 ± 4.40 | 21.03 ± 3.34 | 19.38 ± 3.01 |
t, p | 1.687; p = 0.097 | 1.412; p = 0.163 | −0.650; p = 0.518 | 0.869; p = 0.388 | 0.032; p = 0.975 |
d | 0.45 | 0.37 | 0.18 | 0.23 | 0.01 |
Injury severity | |||||
Slight | 39.51 ± 9.19 ** | 23.09 ± 4.57 | 18.60 ± 1.60 | 20.77 ± 0.89 | 18.90 ± 0.78 |
Moderate | 54.43 ± 8.31 | 28.86 ± 5.13 | 19.69 ± 2.13 | 21.37 ± 1.35 | 18.91 ± 0.84 |
Serious | 45.79 ± 8.89 | 26.16 ± 5.54 | 18.81 ± 2.30 | 21.15 ± 1.09 | 18.92 ± 0.50 |
F, p | 6.204; p = 0.008 | 2.793; p = 0.086 | 0.700; p = 0.509 | 0.596; p = 0.561 | 0.001; p = 0.999 |
Effect size | 0.233 | 0.395 | 0.020 | 0.019 | 0.187 |
Have you fully recovered from the injury? | |||||
Yes | 46.94 ± 12.59 | 25.17 ± 8.14 | 18.33 ± 3.71 | 21.72 ± 3.14 | 19.78 ± 1.83 |
No | 45.33 ± 14.55 | 24.56 ± 6.78 | 18.33 ± 4.00 | 20.67 ± 2.55 | 19.11 ± 3.59 |
t, p | 0.298; p = 0.768 | 0.194; p = 0.848 | 0.000; p = 1.000 | 0.872; p = 0.391 | 0.645; p = 0.524 |
d | 0.12 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.37 | 0.24 |
Influence on Performance Evaluation | Motivation | Mental Ability | Team Cohesion | Age | Practice Hours | Frequency of Sports Practice | Years of Sports Practice | Number of Podiums in the Last Year | Number of Injuries in the Last Year | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stress management | 0.762 ** | 0.173 | 0.305 * | −0.184 | 0.183 | −0.116 | −0.133 | 0.010 | 0.212 | 0.085 |
Influence of performance evaluation | 0.024 | 0.248 | −0.168 | 0.188 | −0.248 | −0.252 | −0.115 | 0.194 | −0.187 | |
Motivation | 0.331 ** | −0.037 | −0.301 * | 0.030 | 0.071 | −0.211 | 0.398 ** | −0.186 | ||
Mental ability | 0.086 | 0.056 | −0.173 | −0.097 | −0.355 ** | 0.236 | −0.294 | |||
Team cohesion | 0.097 | 0.214 | 0.104 | 0.175 | −0.369 ** | −0.118 | ||||
Age | −0.084 | −0.222 | 0.079 | −0.155 | −0.045 | |||||
Practice hours | 0.711 ** | 0.090 | 0.055 | 0.097 | ||||||
Frequency of sports practice | 0.069 | 0.043 | 0.211 | |||||||
Years of sports practice | −0.009 | 0.015 | ||||||||
Number of podiums in the last year | −0.136 |
Analysis | R2 | p | Independent Variables Included | Standardized Coefficients (β) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stress Management | |||||
Model 1 | 0.581 | 0.000 | Influence of performance evaluation | 0.762 | 0.000 |
Influence of Performance Evaluation | |||||
Model 1 | 0.581 | 0.000 | Stress management | 0.762 | 0.000 |
Motivation | |||||
Model 1 | 0.159 | 0.002 | Number of podiums in the last year | 0.398 | 0.002 |
Mental Ability | |||||
Model 1 | 0.126 | 0.005 | Years of experience | −0.355 | 0.005 |
Model 2 | 0.167 | 0.002 | Years of experience | −0.299 | 0.016 |
Motivation | 0.268 | 0.030 | |||
Team Cohesion | |||||
Model 1 | 0.136 | 0.005 | Number of podiums in the last year | −0.369 | 0.005 |
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Abenza-Cano, L.; Chung, L.H.; Vaquero-Cristóbal, R.; Mateo-Orcajada, A.; Encarnación-Martínez, A. Psychological Profile in Female Cyclists and Its Relationship with Age, Training Parameters, Sport Performance, and Injury Incidence. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 3825. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073825
Abenza-Cano L, Chung LH, Vaquero-Cristóbal R, Mateo-Orcajada A, Encarnación-Martínez A. Psychological Profile in Female Cyclists and Its Relationship with Age, Training Parameters, Sport Performance, and Injury Incidence. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(7):3825. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073825
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbenza-Cano, Lucía, Linda H. Chung, Raquel Vaquero-Cristóbal, Adrián Mateo-Orcajada, and Alberto Encarnación-Martínez. 2021. "Psychological Profile in Female Cyclists and Its Relationship with Age, Training Parameters, Sport Performance, and Injury Incidence" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7: 3825. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073825