A Web Survey to Evaluate the Thermal Stress Associated with Personal Protective Equipment among Healthcare Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy †
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Survey Development
- -
- demographic data and characteristics of the worker (question from 1 to 8)
- -
- relevant work information (9–13)
- -
- heat-exposure-related questions and information about PPE’ usage at work (14–20)
- -
- worker’s adaptation to heat stress and behavioral with PPE (21-27)
- -
- worker’s knowledge about thermal stress and attitudes towards the PPE’s use (28–46)
2.2. Survey Administration
2.3. Study Area and Climatic Characteristics
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Analysis
3.2. Principal Component Analysis
3.3. Differences between HCW Groups
3.4. Masks, Gloves and Other PPE
4. Discussion
- perception of heat stress conditions in the workplace and productivity loss;
- behavior during the working days;
- awareness of good practices.
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Healthcare Workers | N 1 | % 2 | |
---|---|---|---|
Do you avoid eating on fast days for personal reasons? | Never | 167 | 87.4 |
Sometimes | 7 | 3.7 | |
Often | 14 | 7.3 | |
Very often | 1 | 0.5 | |
Ever | 2 | 1.0 | |
How do you judge your work effort on average? | At rest | 2 | 1.0 |
Lightweight | 13 | 6.8 | |
Moderate | 65 | 34.0 | |
High | 82 | 42.9 | |
Very high | 29 | 15.2 | |
How do you judge the thermal environment in which you generally work? | Very cold | 6 | 3.1 |
Cold | 11 | 5.8 | |
Slightly cold | 20 | 10.5 | |
Neutral | 40 | 20.9 | |
Slightly hot | 33 | 17.3 | |
Hot | 53 | 27.7 | |
Very hot | 28 | 14.7 | |
For how many hours do you usually wear N95 mask or equivalent (FFP2)? | 0 h | 39 | 20.4 |
1 to 3 h | 50 | 26.2 | |
4 to 6 h | 65 | 34.0 | |
over 6 h | 37 | 19.4 | |
For how many hours do you usually wear FFP3 mask? | 0 h | 146 | 76.4 |
1 to 3 h | 28 | 14.7 | |
4 to 6 h | 8 | 4.2 | |
over 6 h | 9 | 4.7 | |
How many hours do you usually wear a surgical mask? | 0 h | 17 | 8.9 |
1 to 3 h | 32 | 16.8 | |
4 to 6 h | 69 | 36.1 | |
over 6 h | 73 | 38.2 | |
How many hours do you usually wear gloves (one pair)? | 0 h | 40 | 20.9 |
1 to 3 h | 66 | 34.6 | |
4 to 6 h | 55 | 28.8 | |
over 6 h | 30 | 15.7 | |
How many hours do you usually wear gloves (two pairs)? | 0 h | 81 | 42.4 |
1 to 3 h | 62 | 32.5 | |
4 to 6 h | 29 | 15.2 | |
over 6 h | 19 | 9.9 | |
How many hours do you usually wear a disposable gown? | 0 h | 48 | 25.1 |
1 to 3 h | 71 | 37.2 | |
4 to 6 h | 50 | 26.2 | |
over 6 h | 22 | 11.5 | |
How many hours do you usually wear a normal gown? | 0 h | 94 | 49.2 |
1 to 3 h | 27 | 14.1 | |
4 to 6 h | 43 | 22.5 | |
over 6 h | 27 | 14.1 | |
How many hours do you usually wear a disposable apron? | 0 h | 155 | 81.2 |
1 to 3 h | 21 | 11.0 | |
4 to 6 h | 11 | 5.8 | |
over 6 h | 4 | 2.1 | |
How many hours do you usually wear disposable glasses? | 0 h | 77 | 40.3 |
1 to 3 h | 41 | 21.5 | |
4 to 6 h | 50 | 26.2 | |
over 6 h | 23 | 12.0 | |
How many hours do you usually wear a disposable visor? | 0 h | 78 | 40.8 |
1 to 3 h | 56 | 29.3 | |
4 to 6 h | 38 | 19.9 | |
over 6 h | 19 | 9.9 | |
How many hours do you usually wear disposable headgear? | 0 h | 67 | 35.1 |
1 to 3 h | 34 | 17.8 | |
4 to 6 h | 49 | 25.7 | |
over 6 h | 41 | 21.5 | |
How many hours do you usually wear disposable closed boots or work shoes? | 0 h | 119 | 62.3 |
1 to 3 h | 13 | 6.8 | |
4 to 6 h | 21 | 11.0 | |
over 6 h | 38 | 19.9 | |
How many hours do you usually wear shoes covers? | 0 h | 102 | 53.4 |
1 to 3 h | 44 | 23.0 | |
4 to 6 h | 32 | 16.8 | |
over 6 h | 13 | 6.8 | |
How many hours do you usually wear sanitary clogs? | 0 h | 73 | 38.2 |
1 to 3 h | 5 | 2.6 | |
4 to 6 h | 42 | 22.0 | |
over 6 h | 71 | 37.2 | |
How many days per week do you use PPE at work? | 5.2 | SD 1.0 | |
How long (minutes) does it take you to wear PPE at the start of the work shift? | 7.1 | SD 5.5 | |
Do you work mainly in an air-conditioned environment? | Yes | 151 | 79.1 |
No | 40 | 20.9 | |
Is there a company procedure that allows you to remove PPE during work breaks? | Yes | 106 | 55.5 |
No | 85 | 44.5 | |
If yes, when? More than one answer is possible | In the middle of the day | 39 | 20.4 |
When i go to the toilet | 31 | 16.2 | |
After each visit | 31 | 16.2 | |
Whenever i need to | 42 | 22.0 | |
Is there a dedicated rest area in your workplace? | Yes | 88 | 46.1 |
No | 103 | 53.9 | |
How do you try and reduce heat stress when using PPE? It is possible to select more than one answer for this question. | I often drink water | 108 | 56.5 |
I drink ice cold drinks | 1 | 0.5 | |
I take breaks whenever possible | 81 | 42.4 | |
I try to dress in light clothing | 90 | 47.1 | |
Breathing techniques | 28 | 14.7 | |
I prefer ventilated and cool environments | 64 | 33.5 | |
Heat stress in the areas covered by the PPE | 150 | 78.5 | |
Symptoms generally perceived when I wear PPE | Thirst | 111 | 58.1 |
Excessive sweating | 135 | 70.7 | |
Fatigue | 88 | 46.1 | |
Headache | 82 | 42.9 | |
Difficulty concentrating | 56 | 29.3 | |
Skin reaction | 51 | 26.7 | |
General discomfort | 99 | 51.8 | |
What is your thermal sensation when you wear PPE during work activities? | Neutral | 2 | 1.0 |
Slightly hot | 21 | 11.0 | |
Hot | 68 | 35.6 | |
Very hot | 100 | 52.4 | |
Productivity loss perception caused by heat stress | 155 | 81 |
N-Item | Component | ||
---|---|---|---|
1 “Perception of Heat Stress Conditions in the Workplace and of Productivity Loss” | 2 “HCW Behavior during the Working Days” | 3 “Awareness of Good Practices” | |
29-Heat stress can impair my reasoning | 0.873 | ||
31-Heat Stress can affect my psychological state | 0.829 | ||
33-Heat stress can negatively affect my commitment at work | 0.813 | ||
28-Heat stress can affect my productivity | 0.790 | ||
32-Heat stress can negatively affect my emoticons | 0.788 | ||
30-Heat Stress can affect my physical health | 0.765 | ||
42-I avoid taking breaks to not remove and put on the PPE again | 0.863 | ||
43-I avoid drinking and eating to reduce breaks to use toilet | 0.849 | ||
41-It is uncomfortable to take breaks to rehydrate | 0.763 | ||
44-I avoid taking breaks to reduce the risk of getting infected | 0.715 | ||
35-A good hydration before the work shift will improve my heat tolerance | 0.875 | ||
34-Keeping fit will improve my heat tolerance | 0.824 | ||
36-Adequate rest between shifts will improve my tolerance | 0.746 |
Item | Kind of Work | Thermal Sensation with PPE | Glasses and Visor | Headgear | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N° | G | M(SD) | F/Sig | M(SD) | F/Sig | M(SD) | F/Sig | M(SD) | F/Sig | |
29 | Heat stress can impair my reasoning | 1 | 4.2 (0.9) | ns | 4.0 (1.1) | ns | 4.0 (1.1) | ns | 3.9 (1.0) | 4.2 * |
2 | 4.2 (1.1) | 4.0 (0.9) | 4.2 (1.0) | 4.1 (1.0) | ||||||
3 | 4.2 (1.0) | 4.3 (1.0) | 4.3 (1.0) | 4.4 (1.0) | ||||||
30 | Heat Stress can affect my physical health | 1 | 4.0 (1.0) | ns | 4.0 (1.2) | 4.4 ** | 3.9 (1.2) | ns | 3.9 (1.2) | 6.1 ** |
2 | 4.3 (0,9) | 4.0 (1.1) | 4.2 (0.9) | 4.2 (0.9) | ||||||
3 | 4.2 (0.9) | 4.4 (0.8) | 4.3 (0,8) | 4.4 (0.8) | ||||||
31 | Heat Stress can affect my psychological state | 1 | 4.2 (0.9) | ns | 4.1 (1.0) | ns | 4.3 (0.9) | ns | 4.2 (1.0) | Ns |
2 | 4.3 (0.9) | 4.2 (1.0) | 3.3 (0.9) | 4.1 (1.0) | ||||||
3 | 4.2 (0.9) | 4.4 (0.9) | 4.3 (0.9) | 4.4 (0.8) | ||||||
32 | Heat stress can negatively affect my emoticons | 1 | 4.1 (1.1) | ns | 4.0 (1.3) | ns | 4.1 (1.1) | ns | 4.0 (1.2) | Ns |
2 | 4.2 (1.0) | 4.0 (1.1) | 4.2 (1.0) | 4.2 (1.1) | ||||||
3 | 4.0 (1.2) | 4.2 (1.1) | 4.0 (1.2) | 4.2 (1.1) | ||||||
33 | Heat stress can negatively affect my commitment at work | 1 | 4.1 (1.1) | ns | 3.9 (1.4) | ns | 4.0 (1.1) | ns | 3.9 (1.1) | Ns |
2 | 4.1 (1.2) | 4.0 (1.1) | 4.2 (1.2) | 4.1 (1.3) | ||||||
3 | 4.1 (1.1) | 4.2 (1.1) | 4.1 (1.2) | 4.3 (1.1) | ||||||
46 | The PPE I wear prevent the evaporation of sweat | 1 | 4.2(1.0) | ns | 3.5 (1.1) | 7.1 *** | 3.9 (1.0) | 6.9 *** | 3.8 (1.1) | Ns |
2 | 4.3 (1.0) | 4.1 (0.8) | 3.9 (1.2) | 4.0 (1.0) | ||||||
3 | 4.0(1.1) | 4.4 (1.1) | 4.5 (0.9) | 4.5 (0.9) | ||||||
37 | Wearing PPE is uncomfortable for me | 1 | 4.1 (1.0) | 5.7 ** | 2.9 (1.4) | 10.6 *** | 3.7 (1.2) | ns | 3.7 (1.2) | Ns |
2 | 3.7 (1.2) | 3.6 (1.1) | 3.6 (1.4) | 3.6 (1.3) | ||||||
3 | 3.4 (1.3) | 4.1 (1.1) | 4.0 (1.1) | 3.9 (1.1) | ||||||
39 | My work productivity is reduced when I wear PPE | 1 | 3.2 (1.2) | ns | 2.6 (1.3) | 7.7 *** | 3.0 (1.0) | ns | 3.1 (1.2) | Ns |
2 | 3.2 (1.2) | 2.9 (1.1) | 3.2 (1.4) | 3.2 (1.2) | ||||||
3 | 3.1 (1.2) | 3.5 (1.2) | 3.3 (1.3) | 3.3 (1.2) | ||||||
28 | Heat stress can affect my productivity | 1 | 4.3 (0.8) | ns | 4.1 (1.1) | 5.3 ** | 4.4 (1.0) | ns | 4.0 (1.0) | 4.6 ** |
2 | 4.4 (0.9) | 4.1 (0.9) | 4.3 (0.8) | 4.3 (0.8) | ||||||
3 | 4.2 (1.0) | 4.5 (0.8) | 4.4 (0.8) | 4.5 (0.9) |
Item | Work Effort | Company Procedure to Dress PPE | Rest Area | Parts of the Body | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N° | G | M(SD) | F/Sig | M(SD) | F/Sig | M(SD) | F/Sig | M(SD) | F/Sig | |
29 | Heat stress can impair my reasoning | 1 | 4.1 (1.0) | ns | 4.0 (1.1) | 4.8 * | 4.2 (1.0) | ns | 4.2 (1.0) | ns |
2 | 4.2 (1.0) | 4.4 (0.8) | 4.1 (1.0) | 4.3 (1.0) | ||||||
30 | Heat Stress can affect my physical health | 1 | 4.0 (1.0) | ns | 4.1 (1.0) | ns | 4.2 (0.9) | ns | 4.2 (0.9) | ns |
2 | 4.3 (0.9) | 4.3 (0.9) | 4.2 (1.0) | 4.1 (1.1) | ||||||
31 | Heat Stress can affect my psychological state | 1 | 4.2 (1.0) | ns | 4.1 (1.0) | 6.1 ** | 4.3 (0.9) | ns | 4.2 (1.0) | ns |
2 | 4.3 (0.9) | 4.5 (0.8) | 4.2 (1.0) | 4.4 (0.7) | ||||||
32 | Heat stress can negatively affect my emoticons | 1 | 4.0 (1.2) | ns | 3.9 (1.2) | ns | 4.0 (1.1) | ns | 4.1 (1.1) | ns |
2 | 4.1 (1.1) | 4.3 (0.9) | 4.2 (1.1) | 3.9 (1.2) | ||||||
33 | Heat stress can negatively affect my commitment at work | 1 | 4.2 (1.1) | ns | 3.9 (1.2) | 4.4 * | 4.1 (1.2) | ns | 4.1 (1.2) | ns |
2 | 4.0 (1.2) | 4.3 (1.0) | 4.1 (1.1) | 4.1 (1.2) | ||||||
46 | The PPE I wear prevent the evaporation of sweat | 1 | 4.1 (1.0) | ns | 4.1 (1.1) | ns | 4.2 (1.0) | ns | 4.2 (1.1) | ns |
2 | 4.2 (1.0) | 4.3 (0.9) | 4.1 (1.1) | 4.2 (0.9) | ||||||
37 | Wearing PPE is unconfortable for me | 1 | 3.6 (1.3) | 4.4 * | 3.5 (1.3) | ns | 3.7 (1.1) | ns | 3.7 (1.2) | ns |
2 | 3.9 (1.1) | 4.1 (1.0) | 3.8 (1.3) | 3.9 (1.2) | ||||||
39 | My work productivity is reduced when I wear PPE | 1 | 3.0 (1.2) | ns | 3.0 (1.2) | 4.9 * | 3.2 (1.3) | ns | 3.1 (1.2) | 6.2 ** |
2 | 3.3 (1.3) | 3.4 (1.2) | 3.2 (1.2) | 3.6 (1.2) | ||||||
28 | Heat stress can affect my productivity | 1 | 4.2 (0.8) | ns | 4.1 (1.0) | 7.9 *** | 4.3 (0.9) | ns | 4.3 (0.9) | ns |
2 | 4.3 (0.9) | 4.5 (0.7) | 4.3 (0.9) | 4.3 (1.0) |
Item | Kind of Work | Thermal Sensation with PPE | Glasses and Visor | Headgear | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N° | G | M (SD) | F/Sig | M(SD) | F/Sig | M(SD) | F/Sig | M(SD) | F/Sig | |
38 | I’m too busy when I work and consequently I can’t take breaks | 1 | 3.7 (1.1) | ns | 3.5 (1.1) | ns | 3.6 (1.1) | ns | 3.5 (1.1) | ns |
2 | 3.7 (1.1) | 3.7 (1.1) | 3.6 (1.2) | 3.8 (1.0) | ||||||
3 | 3.5 (1.2) | 3.6 (1.1) | 3.7 (1.1) | 3.7 (1.1) | ||||||
41 | It is uncomfortable to take breaks to rehydrate | 1 | 3.1 (1.4) | ns | 2.8 (1.2) | ns | 2.9 (1.1) | 5.7 ** | 2.8 (1.2) | 8.0 *** |
2 | 3.4 (1.4) | 3.1 (1.3) | 2.7 (1.4) | 2.6 (1.5) | ||||||
3 | 2.8 (1.4) | 3.2 (1.4) | 3.5 (1.4) | 3.5 (1.4) | ||||||
42 | I avoid taking breaks to not remove and put on the PPE again | 1 | 3.2 (1.4) | ns | 2.4 (1.3) | ns | 2.7 (1.2) | 5.5 ** | 2.7 (1.4) | 6.5 *** |
2 | 3.2 (1.5) | 3.0 (1.3) | 2.8 (1.5) | 2.6 (1.4) | ||||||
3 | 2.7 (1.5) | 3.2 (1.5) | 3.4 (1.5) | 3.5 (1.5) | ||||||
43 | I avoid drinking and eating to reduce breaks to use toilet | 1 | 3.1 (1.5) | 7.9 *** | 2.6 (1.6) | ns | 2.6 (1.5) | ns | 2.6 (1.5) | 3.3 * |
2 | 3.2 (1.4) | 2.9 (1.4) | 2.8 (1.5) | 2.9 (1.6) | ||||||
3 | 2.2 (1.3) | 3.0 (1.5) | 3.2 (1.4) | 3.2 (1.4) | ||||||
44 | I avoid taking breaks to reduce the risk of getting infected | 1 | 2.7 (1.4) | ns | 2.9 (1.5) | 3.1 * | 2.5 (1.4) | ns | 2.5 (1.4) | ns |
2 | 2.9 (1.5) | 2.9 (1.4) | 3.0 (1.4) | 3.0 (1.4) | ||||||
3 | 2.7 (1.5) | 2.7 (1.5) | 2.8 (1.5) | 2.9 (1.5) | ||||||
40 | It is important to keep hydrated during the work shift | 1 | 4.4 (0.9) | ns | 4.6 (0.7) | ns | 4.4 (0.7) | ns | 4.5 (0.7) | ns |
2 | 4.5 (0.8) | 4.3 (0.9) | 4.6 (0.6) | 4.4 (0.8) | ||||||
3 | 4.6 (0.7) | 4.6 (0.8) | 4.6 (0.8) | 4.5 (0.9) | ||||||
45 | Slush drinks improve my tolerance to heat | 1 | 2.1 (1.2) | ns | 2.0 (1.5) | ns | 2.2 (1.2) | ns | 2.3 (1.3) | 9.8 *** |
2 | 2.1 (1.3) | 2.0 (1.1) | 2.2 (1.3) | 2.1 (1.1) | ||||||
3 | 2.0 (1.2) | 2.1 (1.2) | 1.8 (1.1) | 1.8 (1.1) | ||||||
34 | Keeping fit will improve my heat tolerance | 1 | 3.9 (1.1) | 4.3 (0.8) | 4.7 ** | 3.9 (1.1) | ns | 3.7 (1.1) | ns | |
2 | 3.6 (1.2) | ns | 3.9 (1.1) | 3.7 (1.1) | 3.5 (1.2) | |||||
3 | 3.7 (1.2) | 3.5 (1.2) | 3.6 (1.2) | 3.8 (1.2) | ||||||
35 | A good hydration before the work shift will improve my heat tolerance | 1 | 3.9 (1.1) | 3.4 * | 4.6 (0.7) | 6.6 *** | 4.0 (1.1) | ns | 4.0 (1.0) | ns |
2 | 3.6 (1.1) | 3.9 (1.2) | 4.0 (1.1) | 3.7 (1.2) | ||||||
3 | 4.2 (1.0) | 3.7 (1.1) | 3.8 (1.1) | 3.9 (1.1) | ||||||
36 | Adequate rest between shifts will improve my tolerance | 1 | 4.3 (1.0) | 3.3 * | 4.4 (0.9) | ns | 4.2 (0.9) | ns | 4.3 (0.9) | ns |
2 | 3.9 (1.2) | 4.3 (0.9) | 4.1 (1.2) | 3.9 (1.3) | ||||||
3 | 4.4 (0.9) | 4.0 (1.2) | 4.2 (1.1) | 4.2 (1.0) |
Item | Work Effort | Company Procedure to Dress PPE | Rest Area | Parts of the Body | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N° | G | M(SD) | F/Sig | M(SD) | F/Sig | M(SD) | F/Sig | M(SD) | F/Sig | |
38 | I’m too busy when I work and consequently I can’t take breaks | 1 | 3.5 (1.1) | 4.5 * | 3.5 (1.1) | ns | 3.5 (1.1) | 4.5 * | 3.6 (1.1) | 4.6 * |
2 | 3.8 (1.1) | 3.8 (1.1) | 3.8 (1.1) | 4.0 (1.0) | ||||||
41 | It’s uncomfortable to take breaks to rehydrate | 1 | 2.8 (1.3) | 5.6 ** | 3.1 (1.3) | ns | 2.9 (1.3) | 4.1 * | 2.9 (1.4) | 13.8 *** |
2 | 3.3 (1.4) | 3.3 (1.4) | 3.3 (1.5) | 3.8 (1.2) | ||||||
42 | I avoid taking breaks to not remove and put on the PPE again | 1 | 2.8 (1.5) | ns | 2.9 (1.4) | ns | 3.0 (1.4) | ns | 2.9 (1.4) | 5.0 * |
2 | 3.2 (1.4) | 3.3 (1.5) | 3.1 (1.5) | 3.5 (1.5) | ||||||
43 | I avoid drinking and eating to reduce breaks to use toilet | 1 | 2.8 (1.5) | ns | 2.8 (1.4) | ns | 2.9 (1.5) | ns | 2.8 (1.4) | ns |
2 | 3.0 (1.5) | 3.1 (1.5) | 2.9 (1.5) | 3.2 (1.6) | ||||||
44 | I avoid taking breaks to reduce the risk of getting infected | 1 | 2.7 (1.4) | ns | 2.6 (1.4) | ns | 2.8 (1.4) | ns | 2.7 (1.4) | ns |
2 | 2.8 (1.5) | 2.9 (1.4) | 2.7 (1.5) | 3.1 (1.5) | ||||||
40 | It is important to keep hydrated during the work shift | 1 | 4.4 (0.9) | ns | 4.4 (0.9) | ns | 4.5 (0.7) | ns | 4.5 (0.8) | ns |
2 | 4.6 (0.8) | 4.6 (0.6) | 4.5 (0.9) | 4.4 (0.8) | ||||||
45 | Slush drinks improve my tolerance to heat | 1 | 2.1 (1.1) | ns | 1.8 (1.1) | 7.3 *** | 2.2 (1.3) | ns | 2.1 (1.2) | ns |
2 | 2.0 (1.3) | 2.3 (1.2) | 1.9 (1.1) | 1.9 (1.2) | ||||||
34 | Keeping fit will improve my heat tolerance | 1 | 3.6 (1.1) | ns | 3.9 (1.1) | 5.3 * | 3.7 (1.2) | ns | 3.8 (1.1) | ns |
2 | 3.8 (1.2) | 3.5 (1.2) | 3.8 (1.1) | 3.6 (1.1) | ||||||
35 | A good hydration before the work shift will improve my heat tolerance | 1 | 3.7 (1.2) | ns | 4.0 (1.1) | ns | 3.8 (1.1) | ns | 3.9 (1.1) | ns |
2 | 4.0 (1.0) | 3.7 (1.1) | 3.9 (1.1) | 3.7 (1.2) | ||||||
36 | Adequate rest between shifts will improve my tolerance | 1 | 4.0 (1.2) | 5.2 * | 4.3 (0.9) | Ns | 4.0 (1.1) | 4.7 * | 4.2 (1.0) | ns |
2 | 4.3 (0.9) | 4.0 (1.2) | 4.3 (1.0) | 3.9 (1.2) |
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Messeri, A.; Bonafede, M.; Pietrafesa, E.; Pinto, I.; de’Donato, F.; Crisci, A.; Lee, J.K.W.; Marinaccio, A.; Levi, M.; Morabito, M.; et al. A Web Survey to Evaluate the Thermal Stress Associated with Personal Protective Equipment among Healthcare Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 3861. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18083861
Messeri A, Bonafede M, Pietrafesa E, Pinto I, de’Donato F, Crisci A, Lee JKW, Marinaccio A, Levi M, Morabito M, et al. A Web Survey to Evaluate the Thermal Stress Associated with Personal Protective Equipment among Healthcare Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(8):3861. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18083861
Chicago/Turabian StyleMesseri, Alessandro, Michela Bonafede, Emma Pietrafesa, Iole Pinto, Francesca de’Donato, Alfonso Crisci, Jason Kai Wei Lee, Alessandro Marinaccio, Miriam Levi, Marco Morabito, and et al. 2021. "A Web Survey to Evaluate the Thermal Stress Associated with Personal Protective Equipment among Healthcare Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 8: 3861. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18083861
APA StyleMesseri, A., Bonafede, M., Pietrafesa, E., Pinto, I., de’Donato, F., Crisci, A., Lee, J. K. W., Marinaccio, A., Levi, M., Morabito, M., & on behalf of the WORKLIMATE Collaborative Group. (2021). A Web Survey to Evaluate the Thermal Stress Associated with Personal Protective Equipment among Healthcare Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(8), 3861. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18083861