Hemodynamic Response to High- and Low-Load Resistance Exercise in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease: A Randomized, Crossover Clinical Trial
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Measurement of Maximal Aerobic Capacity
2.4. Measurement of Maximal Strength
2.5. Measurement of Hemodynamic Response during Resistance Exercise
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Anthropometrics | M (SD) |
---|---|
Height (cm) | 172.3 (7.8) |
Weight (kg) | 88.09 (16.66) |
Waist circumference (cm) | 105.3 (12.6) |
Hip circumference (cm) | 106.1 (7.6) |
Clinical Data | M (SD) or Me (Q1, Q3) |
LVEF (%) | 53 (10) |
Time from clinical event to inclusion in CR (months) | 2.0 (1.5, 2.0) |
Myocardial Infarction | f (%) |
NSTEMI | 20 (46.51) |
STEMI | 20 (46.51) |
Unstable AP | 3 (6.98) |
Comorbidities and Risk Factors | f (%) |
Arterial hypertension | 31 (72.09) |
Hyperlipidemia | 35 (81.40) |
Diabetes | 6 (13.95) |
Atrial fibrillation | 3 (6.989) |
Thyroid disease | 4 (9.30) |
Renal disease | 3 (6.98) |
Smoking | f (%) |
Non-smoker | 14 (32.56) |
Ex-smoker | 21 (48.84) |
Smoker | 8 (18.60) |
Pharmacological Therapy | f (%) |
Aspirin | 41 (95.35) |
Beta blocker | 43 (100.00) |
ACE inhibitor/ARB | 41 (95.35) |
Statin | 43 (100.00) |
Antiplatelet drug | 42 (97.67) |
Anticoagulation drug | 2 (4.65) |
Diuretic | 5 (11.63) |
Exercise Characteristics | |
Aerobic Capacity | M (SD) or Me (Q1, Q3) |
Power output (W) | 128 (45) |
VO2 max (L/min) | 1.58 (0.54) |
VCO2 max (L/min) | 1.69 (0.63) |
VO2 max (mL/kg/min) | 18.10 (5.27) |
Respiratory exchange ratio | 1.05 (0.09) |
Ve/VCO2 slope | 28.22 (26.28, 31.85) |
Maximal Leg Strength, M (SD) | M (SD) or Me (Q1, Q3) |
Submaximal 1-RM | 122 (45) |
Number of reps at submaximal 1-RM | 4 (3,5) |
Calculated 1-RM (kg) | 132 (48) |
40% 1-RM (kg) | 53 (19) |
80% 1-RM (kg) | 105 (38) |
Parameter Load | Baseline | 1st set | 2nd Set | 3rd Set | Post Exercise | Interaction Time × Load p (η2) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HR (bpm) | 40% 1-RM | 66 (9) | 81 (11) a,b | 83 (11) a,b | 83 (12) a,b | 67 (9) | 0.353 (0.027) |
80% 1-RM | 68 (10) | 84 (13) a,b | 84 (13) a,b | 84 (13) a,b | 69 (10) | ||
HR oxi. (bpm) | 40% 1-RM | 66 (9) | 83 (10) a,b | 85 (11) a,b | 86 (11) a,b,c,d | 67 (10) | 0.099 (0.050) |
80% 1-RM | 68 (10) | 86 (13) a,b | 86 (13) a,b | 86 (13) a,b | 68 (10) | ||
Sa (%) | 40% 1-RM | 97 (96, 97) | 97 (96, 98) | 97 (96, 98) | 97 (97, 98) | 98 (97, 98) a | 0.026 (0.072) |
80% 1-RM | 97 (96, 98) | 97 (97, 98) | 98 (97, 99) | 98 (97, 99) | 97 (96, 98) | ||
RPE (grade) | 40% 1-RM | - | 6 (5, 6) | 6 (5, 7) c | 7 (5, 8) c | - | 0.323 (0.027) |
80% 1-RM | - | 6 (5, 7) | 7 (6, 7) c | 7 (6, 8) c,d | - |
Parameter Load | Δ First Set vs. Baseline | Δ Second Set vs. Baseline | Δ Third Set vs. Baseline | Δ Post-Exercise vs. Baseline | Interaction Time × Load p (η2) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HR (%) | 40% 1-RM | 23 (10) | 25 (10) | 25 (10) | 1 (−1, 4) | 0.318 (0.029) |
80% 1-RM | 24 (12) | 24 (12) | 25 (12) | 1 (−2, 4) | ||
HR oxi. (%) | 40% 1-RM | 26 (20, 38) | 29 (10) | 32 (13) | 2 (−3, 4) | 0.019 (0.080) |
80% 1-RM | 25 (18, 34) | 28 (11) | 28 (11) * | 2 (−3, 4) | ||
SBP (%) | 40% 1-RM | 10 (8) | 11 (9) | 12 (8, 18) | 0 (6) | 0.112 (0.048) |
80% 1-RM | 10 (9) | 13 (11) | 11 (6,18) | 1 (6) | ||
DBP (%) | 40% 1-RM | 0 (−3, 4) | −1 (−7, 2) | −2 (7) | 0 (−4, 2) | 0.933 (0.004) |
80% 1-RM | −1 (5, 2) | −3 (−7, 3) | −4 (8) | −2 (−6, 1) |
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Kambic, T.; Hadžić, V.; Lainscak, M. Hemodynamic Response to High- and Low-Load Resistance Exercise in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease: A Randomized, Crossover Clinical Trial. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 3905. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18083905
Kambic T, Hadžić V, Lainscak M. Hemodynamic Response to High- and Low-Load Resistance Exercise in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease: A Randomized, Crossover Clinical Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(8):3905. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18083905
Chicago/Turabian StyleKambic, Tim, Vedran Hadžić, and Mitja Lainscak. 2021. "Hemodynamic Response to High- and Low-Load Resistance Exercise in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease: A Randomized, Crossover Clinical Trial" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 8: 3905. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18083905