Effect of Employees’ Perceived Green HRM on Their Workplace Green Behaviors in Oil and Mining Industries: Based on Cognitive-Affective System Theory
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theory and Hypotheses
2.1. Cognitive-Affective System Theory
2.2. Green HRM and Employee Workplace Green Behavior
2.3. The Mediating Role of Green Psychological Climate
2.4. The Mediating Role of Harmonious Environmental Passion
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Participants and Procedure
3.2. Measures
3.2.1. Perceived Green HRM
3.2.2. Green Psychological Climates
3.2.3. Harmonious Environmental Passion
3.2.4. Voluntary Workplace Green Behavior
3.2.5. Green Creativity
3.2.6. Control Variables
4. Analysis and Results
5. Conclusions and Implication
5.1. Theoretical and Practical Implications
5.2. Limitations and Directions for Future Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Items Used to Measure Perceived Green HRM
Appendix A.1. Green Recruitment and Selection
- We attract green job candidates who use green criteria to select organizations;
- We use green employer branding to attract green employees;
- Our firm recruits employees who have green awareness;
Appendix A.2. Green Training
- We develop training programs in environment management to increase environmental awareness, skills and expertise of employees;
- We have integrated training to create the emotional involvement of employees in environment management;
- We have green knowledge management (link environmental education and knowledge to behaviors to develop preventative solutions);
Appendix A.3. Green Performance Management
- We use green performance indicators in our performance management system and appraisals;
- Our firm sets green targets, goals and responsibilities for managers and employees;
- In our firm, managers are set objectives on achieving green outcomes included in appraisals;
- In our firm, there are dis-benefits in the performance management system for non-compliance or not meeting environment management goals;
Appendix A.4. Green Pay and Reward
- We make green benefits (transport/travel) available rather than giving out pre-paid cards to purchase green products;
- In our firms, there are financial or tax incentives (bicycle loans, use of less polluting cars);
- Our firm has recognition-based rewards in environment management for staff (public recognition, awards, paid vacations, time off, gift certificates);
Appendix A.5. Green Involvement
- Our company has a clear developmental vision to guide the employees’ actions in environment management;
- In our firm, there is a mutual learning climate among employees for green behavior and awareness in my company;
- In our firm, there are a number of formal or informal communication channels to spread green culture in our company;
- In our firm, employees are involved in quality improvement and problem-solving on green issues;
- We offer practices for employees to participate in environment management, such as newsletters, suggestion schemes, problem-solving groups, low-carbon champions and green action teams [40].
Appendix B. Items Used to Measure Green Psychological Climates
- (Our company) is worried about its environmental impact;
- (Our company) is interested in supporting environmental causes;
- (Our company) believes it is important to protect the environment;
- (Our company) is concerned with becoming more environmentally friendly;
- (Our company) would like to be seen as environmentally friendly [13].
Appendix C. Items Used to Measure Harmonious Environmental Passion
- I am passionate about the environment;
- I enjoy practicing environmentally friendly behaviors;
- I enjoy engaging in environmentally friendly behaviors;
- I take pride in helping the environment;
- I enthusiastically discuss environmental issues with others;
- I get pleasure from taking care of the environment;
- I passionately encourage others to be more environmentally responsible;
- I am a volunteered member of an environmental group;
- I have voluntarily donated time or money to help the environment in some way;
- I feel strongly about my environmental values [57].
Appendix D. Items Used to Measure Voluntary Workplace Green Behavior
- (This member) avoiding unnecessary printing to save papers;
- (This member) using personal cups instead of disposable cups;
- (This member) using stairs instead of elevators when going from floor to floor in the building;
- (This member) reusing papers to take notes in the office;
- (This member) recycling reusable things in the workplace;
- (This member) sorting recyclable materials into their appropriate bins when other group members do not recycle them [20].
Appendix E. Items Used to Measure Green Creativity
- The members of the green product development project suggest new ways to achieve environmental goals;
- The members of the green product development project propose new green ideas to improve environmental performance;
- The members of the green product development project promote and champion new green ideas to others;
- The members of the green product development project develop adequate plans for the implementation of new green ideas;
- The members of the green product development project would rethink new green ideas;
- The members of the green product development project would find creative solutions to environmental problems [22].
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Model Types | χ2/df | Change χ2 | RMSEA | CFI | IFI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Five-factor model (expected model) | 1.93 | - | 0.05 | 0.90 | 0.90 |
The best four-factor model (1: Perceived green HRM; 2: GPC; 3: HEP; 4: VGB + GC) | 2.16 | 198.05 *** | 0.06 | 0.87 | 0.88 |
The best three-factor model (1: Perceived green HRM; 2: GPC + HEP; 3: VGB + GC) | 2.49 | 479.90 *** | 0.07 | 0.84 | 0.84 |
The best two-factor model (1: Perceived green HRM + VGB + GC; 2: GPC + HEP) | 2.82 | 758.59 *** | 0.07 | 0.80 | 0.81 |
One-factor model (1: Perceived green HRM + VGB + GC+ GPC + HEP) | 3.22 | 1101.91 *** | 0.08 | 0.76 | 0.76 |
Variables | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Perceived green HRM | 1 | ||||
2. Green psychological climate | 0.14 ** | 1 | |||
3. Harmonious environmental passion | 0.48 ** | 0.38 ** | 1 | ||
4. Voluntary workplace green behavior | 0.33 ** | 0.20 ** | 0.29 ** | 1 | |
5. Green creativity | 0.24 ** | 0.19 ** | 0.37 ** | 0.30 ** | 1 |
Mean | 4.88 | 4.04 | 4.68 | 4.60 | 4.49 |
S.D. | 0.61 | 1.07 | 0.63 | 0.75 | 0.77 |
Model Pathways | Effect | SE | BC95% CI Lower Upper |
---|---|---|---|
Total effects | |||
Perceived green HRM→VGB | 0.40 | 0.06 | (0.28, 0.52) |
Perceived green HRM→GC | 0.30 | 0.07 | (0.17, 0.44) |
Direct effects | |||
Perceived green HRM→VGB | 0.30 | 0.07 | (0.17, 0.44) |
Perceived green HRM→GC | 0.10 | 0.07 | (−0.04, 0.24) |
Model Pathways | Effect | SE | BC95% CI Lower Upper |
---|---|---|---|
Total indirect effects Mediating effect of GPC | 0.10 0.02 | 0.04 0.02 | (0.03, 0.17) (0.001, 0.06) |
Mediating effect of HEP | 0.08 | 0.04 | (0.01, 0.15) |
GPC vs. HEP | −0.06 | 0.05 | (−0.14, 0.03) |
Model Pathways | Effect | SE | BC95% CI Lower Upper |
---|---|---|---|
Total indirect effects Mediating effect of GPC | 0.20 0.01 | 0.04 0.01 | (0.12, 0.29) (−0.004, 0.04) |
Mediating effect of HEP | 0.19 | 0.04 | (0.11, 0.28) |
GPC vs. HEP | −0.18 | 0.05 | (−0.28, −0.10) |
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Chen, S.; Jiang, W.; Li, X.; Gao, H. Effect of Employees’ Perceived Green HRM on Their Workplace Green Behaviors in Oil and Mining Industries: Based on Cognitive-Affective System Theory. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 4056. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084056
Chen S, Jiang W, Li X, Gao H. Effect of Employees’ Perceived Green HRM on Their Workplace Green Behaviors in Oil and Mining Industries: Based on Cognitive-Affective System Theory. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(8):4056. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084056
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Silu, Wanxing Jiang, Xin Li, and Han Gao. 2021. "Effect of Employees’ Perceived Green HRM on Their Workplace Green Behaviors in Oil and Mining Industries: Based on Cognitive-Affective System Theory" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 8: 4056. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084056