Evaluation of the B.strong Queensland Indigenous Health Worker Brief Intervention Training Program for Multiple Health Risk Behaviours
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Background
1.2. Background and Structure of the B.strong Program
- From 2017–2020, for the overall B.strong program, over 1250 Indigenous health workers/practitioners and other health and community professionals received training in 107 one-day B.strong face-to-face workshops delivered by Indigenous training facilitators in Queensland. Training was also available for six online modules.
- B.strong content. Workshops: overview of cultural safety and security; overview of impact of smoking, poor nutrition and physical inactivity; behaviour change theory, motivational interviewing techniques and application; brief intervention delivery; reinforcing links to key public health messages; and information regarding relevant government and non-government programs and resources. Six online modules: (1) B.strong Introduction; (2) B.strong Essentials; (3) Quit for Health; (4) Eat for Health; (5) Move for Health; (6) B.strong in Practice. Practitioner resources: practitioner kit, handbooks, guides, community mapping tools. Client resources: Indigenous specific client brochures relating to stages-of-change.
- Based on current Australian guidelines for smoking cessation, nutrition and physical activity, ensuring resources are evidence-based.
- Based on the behavioural change theory (stages-of-change) approach [20,21]; uses the 5 A’s (Ask, Assess, Advise/Agree, Assist, Arrange) [22] as a health service framework for understanding the way in which prevention is implemented in PHC to address risk factors [23,24]; and the OARS approach (Open questions, Affirmation, Reflective listening, and Summary reflections) [25] as the core interactive skills of motivational interviewing.
- 12 culturally-appropriate, evidence-based, plain language, client brochures were developed for staff trained in B.strong to use with their clients in three series: Quit for Health, Eat for Health, Move for Health.
- Provided opportunity for continuing professional development to meet ongoing professional registration requirements for B.strong health professional trainees.
- Implementation of B.strong aligned with current practice in the health service–brief interventions should become part of the routine client pathway and be recorded in the client’s electronic health record.
- Ongoing monitoring, research and evaluation was conducted on the program.
1.3. Previous Research on Brief Interventions
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Evaluation Framework
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Overall Training Targets
3.2. Participant Characteristics
3.3. Participants’ Satisfaction
3.4. Changes in Participants’ Knowledge, Confidence, Attitudes, Skills and Usual Practice
3.5. Application of Learning to Practice
3.6. Results of Training
“It was a great workshop. I can assist my community to make better choices.”[Indigenous Social and Emotional Wellbeing Officer, Charleville, Queensland. Post-Workshop Survey]
“The program was great. I am taking a lot of new knowledge from this program that I can put into practice in my job to broaden skill sets and help clients at my fullest potential.”[Indigenous Health Promotion Officer, Warwick, Queensland. Post-Workshop Survey]
4. Discussion
4.1. Did B.strong Meet Its Objectives?
4.2. B.strong and the Kirkpatrick Indicators
4.3. A Complex Intervention–Effectiveness and Sustainability
4.4. Study Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Demographic Variable | Categories | n | % |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Female | 858 | 79.5 |
Male | 213 | 19.7 | |
Other | 2 | 0.2 | |
N.S. 1 | 6 | 0.6 | |
Total | 1079 | 100.0 | |
Age-group | Less than 25 years | 105 | 9.7 |
Between 25 and 40 years | 382 | 34.4 | |
40 years or over | 583 | 54.0 | |
N.S. | 9 | 0.8 | |
Total | 1079 | 100.0 | |
Indigenous status | Aboriginal | 498 | 46.2 |
Both Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander | 81 | 7.5 | |
Torres Strait Islander | 85 | 7.9 | |
Not Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander | 412 | 38.2 | |
N.S. | 3 | 0.3 | |
Total | 1079 | 100.0 | |
Education | Postgraduate Degree | 180 | 16.7 |
Undergraduate Degree or equivalent | 219 | 20.3 | |
Diploma/Advanced Diploma | 222 | 20.6 | |
Certificate I, II, III or IV | 334 | 31.0 | |
Year 12 | 51 | 4.7 | |
Below Year 12 | 41 | 3.8 | |
Other | 7 | 0.6 | |
N.S. | 25 | 2.3 | |
Total | 1079 | 100.0 | |
Time working in role | Less than 6 months | 233 | 21.6 |
6 months to 2 years | 317 | 29.4 | |
More than 2 years | 515 | 47.7 | |
N.S. | 14 | 1.3 | |
Total | 1079 | 100.0 | |
Organisation type | Community-controlled health service | 380 | 35.2 |
Government-operated primary health care centre | 84 | 7.8 | |
Private practice primary health care centre | 11 | 1.0 | |
Community care centre | 132 | 12.2 | |
Hospital and Health Service | 293 | 27.2 | |
Educational facility | 59 | 5.5 | |
Correctional facility | 36 | 3.3 | |
Other | 80 | 7.4 | |
N.S. | 4 | 0.4 | |
Total | 1079 | 100.0 |
Domain | N of Pairs | Pre WS 1 Mean (SD 2) | Post WS Mean (SD) | Mean Diff. (95% CI 3) | t | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Knowledge: how do you rate your knowledge of the impact on chronic illness of: | ||||||
smoking | 609 | 3.53 (0.935) | 4.14 (0.718) | 0.606 (0.539–0.673) | 17.710 | 0.000 |
nutrition | 607 | 3.53 (0.898) | 4.14 (0.716) | 0.608 (0.543–0.672) | 18.512 | 0.000 |
physical activity | 606 | 3.65 (0.882) | 4.18 (0.708) | 0.535 (0.472–0.597) | 16.767 | 0.000 |
Confidence (1): How confident are you in talking with your clients about their: | ||||||
smoking | 1004 | 3.44 (1.118) | 4.06 (0.834) | 0.621 (0.559–0.682) | 19.826 | 0.000 |
nutrition | 1005 | 3.49 (1.074) | 4.1 (0.807) | 0.614 (0.554–0.674) | 19.964 | 0.000 |
physical activity | 1004 | 3.53 (1.054) | 4.12 (0.796) | 19.146 | 0.000 | |
Confidence (2): How confident are you in assessing your clients’ readiness to: | ||||||
quit smoking | 998 | 3.06 (1.099) | 4.01 (0.837) | 0.951 (0.884–1.018) | 27.939 | 0.000 |
improve nutrition | 1001 | 3.17 (1.047) | 4.06 (0.805) | 0.883 (0.820–0.946) | 27.566 | 0.000 |
increase physical activity | 1000 | 3.21 (1.056) | 4.06 (0.804) | 0.853 (0.789–0.917) | 26.219 | 0.000 |
Attitudes: | ||||||
Participants have a clear idea of their responsibilities in helping clients with health behaviour change | 600 | 4.08 (0.714) | 4.47 (0.608) | 0.39 (0.332–0.448) | 13.306 | 0.000 |
Participants feel there is little they can do to help clients change their health behaviours | 601 | 2.41 (1.045) | 2.26 (1.291) | −0.156 (−0.257–−0.056) | −3.068 | 0.002 |
Participants feel uncomfortable asking clients about their health behaviours | 598 | 2.54 (1.117) | 2.38 (1.275) | −0.157 (−0.263–−0.052) | −2.922 | 0.004 |
Usual practices (1): how often do you ask clients about their: | ||||||
smoking habits | 444 | 3.76 (1.021) | 4.32 (0.6770) | 0.556 (0.474–0.638) | 13.349 | 0.000 |
nutrition habits | 445 | 2.09 (0.521) | 2.46 (0.504) | 0.553 (0.476–0.629) | 14.187 | 0.000 |
physical activity | 445 | 2.11 (0.499) | 2.48 (0.505) | 0.573 (0.495–0.651) | 14.493 | 0.000 |
Usual practices (2): How often do you provide brief interventions to clients relating to: | ||||||
smoking | 443 | 2.05 (0.565) | 2.43 (0.536) | 0.384 (0.329–0.439) | 13.739 | 0.000 |
nutrition | 444 | 2.09 (0.521) | 2.46 (0.504) | 0.374 (0.320–0.428) | 13.541 | 0.000 |
physical activity | 443 | 2.11 (0.499) | 2.48 (0.505) | 0.372 (0.320–0.425) | 13.853 | 0.000 |
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Cunningham, F.C.; Murphy, M.G.; Ward, G.; Fagan, R.; Arley, B.; d’Abbs, P.H. Evaluation of the B.strong Queensland Indigenous Health Worker Brief Intervention Training Program for Multiple Health Risk Behaviours. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 4220. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084220
Cunningham FC, Murphy MG, Ward G, Fagan R, Arley B, d’Abbs PH. Evaluation of the B.strong Queensland Indigenous Health Worker Brief Intervention Training Program for Multiple Health Risk Behaviours. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(8):4220. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084220
Chicago/Turabian StyleCunningham, Frances C., Majella G. Murphy, Grace Ward, Royden Fagan, Brian Arley, and Peter H. d’Abbs. 2021. "Evaluation of the B.strong Queensland Indigenous Health Worker Brief Intervention Training Program for Multiple Health Risk Behaviours" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 8: 4220. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084220