Exercise Thermal Sensation: Physiological Response to Dynamic–Static Steps at Moderate Exercise
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Experimental Environment
2.3. Experimental Measurements
2.3.1. Measurement of Physiological Parameters
Skin and Oral Temperatures
HR and HRV
Electrodermal Activity (EDA)
2.3.2. Subjective Selection
2.4. Experimental Procedure
2.5. Data Processing
3. Experiment Results
3.1. The Impact of Dynamic–Static Step Changes on Physiological Parameters in Exercise
3.1.1. Skin and Oral Temperature
3.1.2. HR and HRV
3.1.3. Electrodermal Activity
3.2. The Impact of Dynamic–Static Step Changes on Subjective Sensation in Exercise
3.2.1. Thermal Sensation, Thermal Comfort and SFI
3.2.2. Fatigue Index
4. The Mathematical Relationships between Physiological Indicators and Subjective Perceptions in Dynamic-Static Step Processes
4.1. Stepwise Regression Analysis between Physiological Indicators and TSV
4.2. Stepwise Regression Analysis between Physiological Indicators and TC
4.3. Average Change and Rate of Change of Physiological Parameters
4.4. Stepwise Regression Analysis of TSV Using Average Change and Rate of Change of Physiological Parameters
4.5. Correlation among Subjective Perceptions
5. Discussion
5.1. Physiological Indicators around the Dynamic–Static Steps
5.2. The Relationship between HRV Indicators and Exercise Thermal Sensation (Comfort)
- 1.
- Overall, RMSSD and SDNN distribution trends were similar, with a higher proportion of HS in the during exercise (DE) phase than LS. It indicates that the cardiac load increases during exercise, and the autonomic nervous system were transformed from a state of mutual equilibrium between the sympathetic and vagus nerves at rest to a direction where the sympathetic nerves were dominant [43]. It indicates that the human body was in a state of “excitement”. In particular, in the V2 experiment, the proportion of HS was as high as 84.1%, suggesting that increasing exercise intensity has a more significant impact on HRV [44].
- 2.
- For time-domain indicators, MS accounts for the highest proportion except for the IE phase of the V2 experiment. Under normal conditions, the SDNN and RMSSD values for Chinese were about 3–5 (expressed in natural logarithm transformed values) [45]. The experimental results showed that the time domain indicators returned to standard values after the exercise.
- 3.
- SDNN indicators reflect the overall HRV situation. Table 8 shows that both HS and LS decreased, and MS increased after the exercise, indicating a gradual return of HRV to the standard range.
- 4.
- As can be seen from the force-directed graph, LS was more likely to be found in the low thermal sensation area. For HS and MS, no significant distribution patterns were observed at the corresponding individual thermal sensation nodes. It also explains, to some extent, the absence of time-domain indicators as an independent variable in the stepwise regression analysis.
- 5.
- For the frequency domain indicator (LF/HF), there was almost no LS distribution in the region of the highest thermal sensation node during exercise. It indicates that sympathetic activity was dominant, and the body was in a state of excitement, tension, or discomfort. After exercise, the proportion of LS in the high thermal sensation area increased rapidly, indicating that HF increased, and parasympathetic nerves were activated after exercise, which was consistent with the results of previous studies [44,46]. Parasympathetic nerves were activated, indicating that the “ excitement “ state began to be inhibited, and comfort began to increase. However, as a whole, we still do not observe a more pronounced regular change in the distribution of each value segment in LF/HF with increasing thermal sensation. It may be related to the fact that the body was in exercise and the heart functions were in a complex state.
5.3. Thermal Alliesthesia
5.4. Limitations
- 1.
- The equations derived from the stepwise regression algorithm can predict thermal sensation and comfort. However, the results obtained using the equations were continuous values, and the answer for each subject is a discrete quantity. Therefore, in follow-up research, we will try to establish a valid threshold range for the results obtained. If the continuous value obtained by the regression equation belongs in this threshold range, the continuous quantity can be converted into an amount discrete that conforms to the ASHRAE thermal sensory scale, making a more accurate prediction of thermal sensation while exercising.
- 2.
- However, thermal comfort is a complex topic. The results of this experiment were done at a limited intensity of exercise, and the number of subjects was not large. The common exercise intensities were chosen only as a case study for this work. This work’s results were obtained only under this experiment conditions. Different exercise intensities and times, different temperatures and humidity, and different air velocities can significantly affect physiological parameters and thermal sensations, making significant differences in the results. These results may be valid only for this test case. The authors will add more experimental procedures in future studies to obtain more experimental data.
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
Tsk | mean skin temperature, °C |
Tor | oral temperature, °C |
HR | heart rate beats per minute (BPM) |
BMI | body mass index |
R-R | beat intervals, ms |
SDNN | Standard deviation of the NN (R-R) intervals recommended parameters for time-domain measures, the standard deviation of normal sinus R-R interval(take the natural logarithm) |
RMSSD | Root mean square of the successive differences; recommended parameters for time-domain tests; the square root of the mean of the sum of the squares of differences between adjacent; beat intervals (take the natural logarithm) |
LF | power (0.04–0.15 Hz) in normalized units; LF/(TP-VLF) × 100, n.u. |
HF | power (0.15–0.4 Hz) in normalized units; HF/(TP-VLF) × 100, n.u. |
LF/HF | ratio LF/HF, |
EDA | electrodermal activity, μS |
SFI | the sweat feeling index |
M | rate of metabolic heat production, W/m2 |
W | rate of mechanical work accomplished, W/m2 |
C | rate of convective heat, W/m2 |
R | rate of radiant heat, W/m2 |
Esk | total evaporative heat loss from skin (including natural diffusion Edif and regulative sweating Esw), W/m2 |
Cres | rate of convective heat loss from respiration, W/m2 |
Eres | rate of evaporative heat loss from respiration, W/m2 |
S | rate of heat storage in the body, W/m2 |
SHL | sensible heat loss |
LHL | latent heat loss |
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Gender | No. | Age (Years) | Height (cm) | Weight (kg) | BMI (kg/cm2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | 9 | 20.5 ± 2.5 | 175.1 ± 11.9 | 66.3 ± 15.7 | 21.6 ± 3.8 |
Female | 7 | 20 ± 1 | 165.6 ± 6.4 | 59.7 ± 11.3 | 21.8 ± 5.3 |
All | 16 | 20 ± 3 | 170.9 ± 12.1 | 63.4 ± 18.6 | 21.7 ± 5.4 |
Instrument | Parameter | Measuring Range | Accuracy | Wearing Style |
---|---|---|---|---|
Wireless skin temperature sensor | Tsk(°C) | 10–60 °C | ±0.1 °C | |
Wireless skin electrodermal activity sensor | EDA(Μs) | 0–30 μS | ±0.3 μS | |
PPG Ear Tip Pulse Sensor | ECG(HR, HRV) | 25~240 bpm | ±1 bpm |
V1 | Step 1 | Step 2 | Step 3 | V2 | Step 1 | Step 2 | Step 3 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coef. | p | Coef. | p | Coef. | p | Coef. | p | Coef. | p | Coef. | p | ||
EDA | 0.64 | 0.004 | 1.013 | 0.000 | 0.846 | 0.000 | EDA | 0.409 | 0.000 | 0.582 | 0.000 | 0.325 | 0.000 |
Tor | −1.277 | 0.000 | −1.299 | 0.000 | Tor | −1.459 | 0.001 | −2.446 | 0.000 | ||||
Tsk | 1.711 | 0.026 | Tsk | 2.189 | 0.000 | ||||||||
R-sq | 38.1% | 86.2% | 90.0% | R-sq | 52.2% | 77.0% | 92.5% | ||||||
△R-sq | 48.1% | 3.8% | △R-sq | 24.8% | 15.5% |
V1 | Step 1 | Step 2 | V2 | Step 1 | Step 2 | Step 3 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coef. | p | Coef. | p | Coef. | p | Coef. | p | Coef. | p | ||
Tor | 0.862 | 0.008 | 0.967 | 0.000 | EDA | −0.376 | 0.020 | −0.489 | 0.002 | −0.229 | 0.044 |
Tsk | −3.801 | 0.007 | Tor | 1.377 | 0.016 | 2.438 | 0.000 | ||||
Tsk | −2.700 | 0.005 | |||||||||
R-sq | 51.8% | 79.7% | R-sq | 43.2% | 71.1% | 89.9% | |||||
△R-sq | 27.9% | △R-sq | 27.9% | 18.8% |
V1 DE | Step 1 | Step 2 | V1 PE | Step 1 | Step 2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coef. | p | Coef. | p | Coef. | p | Coef. | p | ||
EDA | 1.124 | 0.000 | 0.995 | 0.000 | ∆Tor | −1.946 | 0.000 | −1.748 | 0.000 |
dTsk/dt | 3.536 | 0.001 | dTor/dt | 1.025 | 0.002 | ||||
R-sq | 94.4% | 99% | R-sq | 91% | 98.4% |
V2 DE | Step 1 | Step 2 | V2 PE | Step 1 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coef. | p | Coef. | p | Coef. | p | ||
∆Tsk | 3.171 | 0.000 | 4.255 | 0.000 | ∆Tor | −0.475 | 0.000 |
∆Tor | 1.696 | 0.000 | |||||
R-sq | 88.2% | 98.9% | R-sq | 92.1% |
TC | SFI | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
V1 | V2 | V1 | V2 | |
TSV | −0.530 ** | −0.719 ** | 0.208 ** | 0.682 ** |
TC | −0.302 ** | −0.528 ** |
V1 | V2 | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
During Exercise | Post-Exercise | During Exercise | Post-Exercise | |||||||||
Range of values | >5 (HS) | 3~5 (MS) | 2~3 (LS) | >5 (HS) | 3~5 (MS) | 2~3 (LS) | >5 (HS) | 3~5 (MS) | 2~3 (LS) | >5 (HS) | 3~5 (MS) | 2~3 (LS) |
Propo -rtion | 38.3% | 57.9% | 3.8% | 21.5% | 72.0% | 6.5% | 84.1% | 14.3% | 1.6% | 35.9% | 53.0% | 11.1% |
RMSSD | ||||||||||||
Propo -rtion | 28.3% | 58% | 13.7% | 17.9% | 73.2% | 8.9% | 69.7% | 21.2% | 9.1% | 31.9% | 61.2% | 6.9% |
SDNN | ||||||||||||
Range of values | >3 (HS) | 1~3 (MS) | 0~1 (LS) | >3 (HS) | 1~3 (MS) | 0~1 (LS) | >3 (HS) | 1~3 (MS) | 0~1 (LS) | >3 (HS) | 1~3 (MS) | 0~1 (LS) |
Propo -rtion | 12.8% | 35.2% | 52% | 13.92% | 33.04% | 53.04% | 13.34% | 36.19% | 50.47% | 23.64% | 43.64% | 32.72% |
LF/HF |
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Xu, Q.; Chen, L.; Chen, H.; Julien Dewancker, B. Exercise Thermal Sensation: Physiological Response to Dynamic–Static Steps at Moderate Exercise. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 4239. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084239
Xu Q, Chen L, Chen H, Julien Dewancker B. Exercise Thermal Sensation: Physiological Response to Dynamic–Static Steps at Moderate Exercise. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(8):4239. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084239
Chicago/Turabian StyleXu, Qinghao, Lin Chen, Hao Chen, and Bart Julien Dewancker. 2021. "Exercise Thermal Sensation: Physiological Response to Dynamic–Static Steps at Moderate Exercise" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 8: 4239. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084239