CORONAcrisis—An Observational Study on the Experience of Healthcare Professionals in a University Hospital during a Pandemic Emergency
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Mental Health Outcomes
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Socio-Demographic Characteristics | n | % |
---|---|---|
Gender | ||
Female | 218 | 80.2 |
Male | 54 | 19.8 |
Age, years, mean (SD) | 47 | 10 |
Education Level | ||
Middle school | 23 | 8.4 |
High school | 65 | 23.8 |
University | 137 | 50.2 |
Medical specialization | 48 | 17.6 |
Marital Status | ||
Married | 138 | 50.5 |
Cohabitant | 50 | 18.3 |
Engaged | 22 | 8.1 |
Divorced | 18 | 6.6 |
Single | 41 | 15.0 |
Widower/widow | 4 | 1.5 |
Children | ||
Yes | 174 | 63.3 |
No | 101 | 36.7 |
Number of children | ||
1 | 86 | 50.0 |
2 | 62 | 36.0 |
3 | 17 | 9.9 |
more than 3 | 7 | 4.1 |
Far from the family | ||
Yes | 94 | 34.2 |
No | 181 | 65.8 |
Type employment in the hospital | ||
Administrative area | 21 | 7.6 |
Technical area | 8 | 2.9 |
Health area | 246 | 89.5 |
PSS | PHQ-9 | GAD-7 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Category | PSS < 25 (n = 193) | PSS ≥ 25 (n = 82) | p-Value | PHQ-9 < 15 (n = 212) | PHQ-9 ≥ 15 (n = 63) | p-Value | GAD-7 < 15 (n = 228) | GAD-7 ≥ 15 (n = 47) | p-Value |
Area, n (%) | Health | 170 (88.1) | 76 (92.7) | 0.291 | 187 (88.2) | 59 (93.6) | 0.252 | 201 (88.2) | 45 (95.7) | 0.189 |
Administrative | 16 (8.3) | 5 (6.1) | 0.627 | 18 (8.5) | 3 (4.8) | 0.425 | 19 (8.3) | 2 (4.3) | 0.546 | |
Technical | 7 (3.6) | 1 (1.2) | 0.443 | 7 (3.3) | 1 (1.6) | 0.687 | 8 (3.5) | 0 (0) | 0.359 | |
Gender, n (%) | Female | 147 (76.6) | 71 (88.3) | 0.022 * | 166 (79.1) | 52 (83.9) | 0.403 | 180 (79.6) | 38 (82.6) | 0.839 |
Male | 45 (23.4) | 9 (11.3) | 44 (20.9) | 10 (16.1) | 46 (20.4) | 8 (17.4) | ||||
Age, years | Median (IQR) | 50 (39–55) | 47 (38–52) | 0.103 | 49 (39–55) | 48 (38–54) | 0.572 | 48.5 (39–55) | 48 (38–53) | 0.791 |
(min–max) | (23–66) | (26–67) | (24–66) | (23–67) | (23–66) | (26–67) | ||||
Age classes, years | <45 | 71 (36.8) | 32 (39) | 0.726 | 80 (37.7) | 23 (36.5) | 0.860 | 87 (38.2) | 16 (34) | 0.596 |
45–55 | 67 (34.7) | 37 (45.1) | 0.104 | 77 (36.3) | 27 (42.9) | 0.348 | 82 (35.9) | 22 (46.8) | 0.163 | |
>55 | 55 (28.5) | 13 (15.9) | 0.026 * | 55 (25.9) | 13 (20.6) | 0.391 | 59 (25.9) | 9 (19.2) | 0.330 | |
Education level, n (%) | Middle school | 10 (5.2) | 13 (16.1) | 0.007 * | 17 (8.1) | 6 (9.5) | 0.795 | 19 (8.4) | 4 (8.5) | 0.981 |
High school | 41 (21.3) | 24 (29.6) | 0.152 | 42 (20.0) | 23 (36.5) | 0.007 * | 49 (21.7) | 16 (34) | 0.070 | |
University | 101 (52.6) | 36 (44.4) | 0.201 | 110 (52.4) | 27 (42.9) | 0.185 | 115 (50.9) | 22 (46.8) | 0.611 | |
Medical specialization | 40 (20.8) | 8 (9.9) | 0.028 * | 41 (19.5) | 7 (11.1) | 0.131 | 43 (19.0) | 5 (10.6) | 0.209 | |
Marital status, n (%) | Married | 103 (53.6) | 35 (43.2) | 0.105 | 102 (48.6) | 36 (57.1) | 0.233 | 113 (49.8) | 25 (54.4) | 0.670 |
Cohabitant | 30 (15.6) | 20 (24.7) | 0.089 | 42 (20.0) | 8 (12.7) | 0.264 | 44 (19.4) | 6 (13.0) | 0.406 | |
Engaged | 19 (9.9) | 3 (3.7) | 0.094 | 20 (9.5) | 2 (3.2) | 0.120 | 19 (8.4) | 3 (6.5) | 0.999 | |
Divorced | 11 (5.7) | 7 (8.6) | 0.427 | 14 (6.7) | 4 (6.4) | 0.999 | 13 (5.7) | 5 (10.9) | 0.191 | |
Single | 26 (13.5) | 15 (18.5) | 0.355 | 29 (13.8) | 12 (19.1) | 0.318 | 34 (15.0) | 7 (15.2) | 0.999 | |
Widower/widow | 3 (1.6) | 1 (1.2) | 0.999 | 3 (1.4) | 1 (1.6) | 0.999 | 4 (1.8) | 0 (0) | 0.999 | |
Children, n (%) | None | 74 (38.5) | 27 (33.3) | 0.394 | 77 (36.7) | 24 (38.1) | 0.798 | 85 (37.6) | 16 (34.0) | 0.675 |
1 | 52 (27.1) | 34 (42.0) | 0.018 * | 67 (31.9) | 19 (30.2) | 0.828 | 70 (31.0) | 16 (34.0) | 0.653 | |
2 or more | 66 (34.4) | 20 (24.7) | 0.109 | 66 (31.4) | 20 (31.7) | 0.926 | 71 (31.4) | 15 (32.0) | 0.917 | |
Far from family, n (%) | Yes | 57 (29.5) | 37 (45.1) | 0.013 * | 68 (32.1) | 26 (41.3) | 0.177 | 82 (32.3) | 22 (41.5) | 0.197 |
No | 136 (70.5) | 45 (54.9) | 144 (67.9) | 37 (58.7) | 172 (67.7) | 31 (58.5) |
PSS | PHQ-9 | GAD-7 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Characteristics | OR | CI 95% for OR | p-Value | OR | CI 95% for OR | p-Value | OR | CI 95% for OR | p-Value |
Area | ||||||||||
(ref. administrative/technical) | Health | 1.93 | 0.69–5.38 | 0.207 | 2.15 | 0.69–6.70 | 0.183 | 3.11 | 0.70–13.94 | 0.137 |
Gender | ||||||||||
(ref. male) | Female | 1.84 | 0.79–4.24 | 0.153 | 1.09 | 0.48–2.45 | 0.833 | 0.88 | 0.36–2.15 | 0.779 |
Age | ||||||||||
(ref. < 45) | 45–54 | 0.43 | 0.19–0.99 | 0.050 * | 0.68 | 0.29–1.60 | 0.382 | 1.28 | 0.51–3.23 | 0.599 |
≥55 | 0.23 | 0.09–0.59 | 0.002 * | 0.47 | 0.19–1.22 | 0.123 | 0.67 | 0.24–1.93 | 0.468 | |
Education Level | ||||||||||
(ref. high school or less) | University/medical specialization | 0.25 | 0.12–0.53 | <0.001 * | 0.34 | 0.16–0.71 | 0.004 * | 0.62 | 0.28–1.38 | 0.243 |
Marital Status | ||||||||||
(ref. married/engaged/cohabitant) | Single/divorced/widower/widow | 1.57 | 0.77–3.24 | 0.213 | 1.40 | 0.67–2.93 | 0.365 | 1.29 | 0.57–2.94 | 0.542 |
Children | ||||||||||
(ref. none) | 1 | 3.05 | 1.40–6.64 | 0.005 * | 1.25 | 0.56–2.79 | 0.583 | 1.68 | 0.69–4.11 | 0.254 |
2 or more | 1.51 | 0.65–3.48 | 0.333 | 1.38 | 0.6–3.17 | 0.448 | 1.34 | 0.52–3.46 | 0.543 | |
Far from family | ||||||||||
(ref. no) | Yes | 2.24 | 1.18–4.20 | 0.012 * | 1.51 | 0.79–2.88 | 0.207 | 1.71 | 0.83–3.48 | 0.144 |
PSS | PHQ-9 | GAD-7 | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | ||||||||
Variables | Characteristics | OR (CI 95%) | p-Value | OR (CI 95%) | p-Value | OR (CI 95%) | p-Value | OR (CI 95%) | p-Value | OR (CI 95%) | p-Value | OR (CI 95%) | p-Value |
Area | |||||||||||||
(ref. administrative/technical) | Health | 1.98 (0.65–6.00) | 0.226 | 8.43 (0.2–34.9) | 0.262 | 2.40 (0.66–8.79) | 0.186 | 0.98 (0.07–14.3) | 0.994 | 5.09 (0.65–39.6) | 0.120 | 0.33 (0.01–7.01) | 0.483 |
Age, years | |||||||||||||
(ref < 45) | 45–54 | 0.46 (0.19–1.08) | 0.076 | 0.51 (0.02–10.6) | 0.666 | 0.65 (0.25–1.67) | 0.377 | 0.61 (0.04–9.06) | 0.723 | 1.45 (0.53–40.2) | 0.468 | - | - |
≥55 | 0.27 (0.09–0.73) | 0.010 * | 0.05 (0.01–1.82) | 0.102 | 0.40 (0.13–1.22) | 0.108 | 0.96 (0.12–7.50) | 0.969 | 0.58 (0.16–2.10) | 0.408 | 2.66 (0.21–32.8) | 0.447 | |
Education Level | |||||||||||||
(ref. high school or less) | University/medical specialization | 0.29 (0.14–0.63) | 0.002 * | 0.04 (0.01–1.12) | 0.059 | 0.27 (0.12–0.63) | 0.002 * | 1.72 (0.13–22.5) | 0.679 | 0.60 (0.26–1.44) | 0.258 | 1.10 (0.07–16.1) | 0.943 |
Marital Status | |||||||||||||
(ref. married/engaged/cohabitant) | Single/divorced/widower-widow | 1.58 (0.74–3.37) | 0.237 | 1.90 (0.18–20.2) | 0.594 | 1.39 (0.62–3.11) | 0.421 | 1.37 (0.15–12.1) | 0.778 | 1.28 (0.50–3.12) | 0.628 | 1.45 (0.15–13.6) | 0.746 |
Children | |||||||||||||
(ref. none) | 1 | 2.82 (1.24–6.40) | 0.013 * | 32.1 (0.88–12.8) | 0.058 | 1.04 (0.43–2.50) | 0.928 | 3.81 (0.39–37.2) | 0.250 | 1.76 (0.65–4.79) | 0.264 | 1.05 (0.07–15.9) | 0.973 |
2 or more | 1.60 (0.66–3.89) | 0.297 | 0.37 (0.01–11.2) | 0.575 | 1.37 (0.55–3.43) | 0.496 | 0.94 (0.09–9.22) | 0.956 | 1.69 (0.59–4.91) | 0.329 | 0.29 (0.01–5.67) | 0.412 | |
Far from the family | |||||||||||||
(ref. no) | Yes | 1.99 (1.01–3.91) | 0.045 * | 15.31 (0.7–323.8) | 0.080 | 1.39 (0.67–2.86) | 0.370 | 4.41 (0.72–26.9) | 0.108 | 1.59 (0.71–3.58) | 0.255 | 6.17 (0.77–49.5) | 0.087 |
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Matarazzo, T.; Bravi, F.; Valpiani, G.; Morotti, C.; Martino, F.; Bombardi, S.; Bozzolan, M.; Longhitano, E.; Bardasi, P.; Roberto, D.V.; et al. CORONAcrisis—An Observational Study on the Experience of Healthcare Professionals in a University Hospital during a Pandemic Emergency. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 4250. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084250
Matarazzo T, Bravi F, Valpiani G, Morotti C, Martino F, Bombardi S, Bozzolan M, Longhitano E, Bardasi P, Roberto DV, et al. CORONAcrisis—An Observational Study on the Experience of Healthcare Professionals in a University Hospital during a Pandemic Emergency. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(8):4250. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084250
Chicago/Turabian StyleMatarazzo, Teresa, Francesca Bravi, Giorgia Valpiani, Chiara Morotti, Francesca Martino, Sandra Bombardi, Michela Bozzolan, Elda Longhitano, Paola Bardasi, De Vogli Roberto, and et al. 2021. "CORONAcrisis—An Observational Study on the Experience of Healthcare Professionals in a University Hospital during a Pandemic Emergency" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 8: 4250. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084250