Are Essential Women’s Healthcare Services Fully Covered? A Comparative Analysis of Policy Documents in Shanghai and New York City from 1978–2017
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethical Approval
2.2. Study Design and Setting
2.3. Definition of Essential Women’s Healthcare Service
2.4. Measures
2.5. Data Collection
2.5.1. Policy Documents Collection
2.5.2. Assessing Information Collection
2.5.3. Collection of MMRs Data
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. The Trends of MMRs in SH and NYC
3.2. The Trends of ESCR in SH and NYC
3.3. The Trends of AESCR in SH and NYC
3.4. The Relationship between ESCR, AESCR, and MMR in SH and NYC
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Service Category | Main Contents and Measures |
---|---|
Unintended Pregnancy Prevention | Contraceptive provision, health promotion and health education of safe, effective and appropriate contraceptive methods, etc. |
Safe Abortion | Sexual health education, contraceptive provision, legal abortion service provision, etc. |
Pre-marital Healthcare | Sexual health education, health promotion and health education of fertility and genetic disease, screening for diseases affecting fertility such as mental illness, mother-to-child transmitted disease and genetic disease. |
Family Planning | Consulting services for basic knowledge of pre-pregnancy care, pre-pregnancy medical examination (find out if you have problems affecting fertility/unsuitable for childbearing and related diseases affecting child health), health education (healthy lifestyle for preparing pregnancy, guidance on appropriate timing of conception, etc.). |
Infertility Intervention | Infertility consultation, infertility diagnosis and treatment, psychological counseling related to infertility. |
High-Risk pregnancy Screening | Screening for pregnancy risk factors, management of high-risk pregnant women (pregnant women with ectopic gestation, oligoamnios, malpresentation, placental abnormality, pregnancy hypertension, gestational diabetes, premature delivery, spontaneous abortion, etc.). |
Prenatal Care | Routine prenatal check-ups, prevention of mother-to-child transmission disease (such as AIDS, syphilis, Hepatitis B, etc.), Prenatal screening (such as Down syndrome screening), screening for birth defects, maternal nutritional diseases, etc. |
Intrapartum Care | Identifying and managing dystocia, postpartum bleeding management, postpartum hemorrhage prevention, puerperal infections prevention, neonatal asphyxia prevention, prevention of birth canal laceration and neonatal birth injury, childbirth monitoring, etc. |
Postpartum Care | Prevention of postpartum complications (such as postpartum hemorrhage, sepsis, eclampsia, etc.), screening and management of postpartum depression, postpartum family visits, health education of breastfeeding, baby nutrition, etc. |
Menopause Care | Prevention and intervention of menopausal depression and perimenopausal syndrome. |
Indicators | Correlation Analysis | |
---|---|---|
r | p-Value | |
ESCR 1 | ||
SH 2 | −0.826 | <0.01 |
NYC 3 | −0.324 | 0.041 |
AESCR 4 | ||
SH | −0.835 | <0.01 |
NYC | −0.036 | 0.826 |
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Zhou, Q.; Yu, Q.; Wang, X.; Shi, P.; Shen, Q.; Zhang, Z.; Chen, Z.; Pu, C.; Xu, L.; Hu, Z.; et al. Are Essential Women’s Healthcare Services Fully Covered? A Comparative Analysis of Policy Documents in Shanghai and New York City from 1978–2017. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 4261. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084261
Zhou Q, Yu Q, Wang X, Shi P, Shen Q, Zhang Z, Chen Z, Pu C, Xu L, Hu Z, et al. Are Essential Women’s Healthcare Services Fully Covered? A Comparative Analysis of Policy Documents in Shanghai and New York City from 1978–2017. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(8):4261. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084261
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhou, Qingyu, Qinwen Yu, Xin Wang, Peiwu Shi, Qunhong Shen, Zhaoyang Zhang, Zheng Chen, Chuan Pu, Lingzhong Xu, Zhi Hu, and et al. 2021. "Are Essential Women’s Healthcare Services Fully Covered? A Comparative Analysis of Policy Documents in Shanghai and New York City from 1978–2017" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 8: 4261. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084261