Associations between Physical Activity, Sunshine Duration and Osteoporosis According to Obesity and Other Lifestyle Factors: A Nested Case–Control Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population and Participant Selection
2.2. Definition of Osteoporosis (Outcome)
2.3. Determination of Moderate- to High-Intensity Physical Activity and Low-Intensity Physical Activity (Exposure)
2.4. Classification of Sunshine Duration (Exposure)
2.5. Covariates
2.6. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Total Participants | ||
---|---|---|---|
Osteoporosis (n, %) | Control (n, %) | p-Value | |
Age (years old) | 1.000 | ||
45–49 | 205 (1.1) | 410 (1.1) | |
50–54 | 2297 (11.9) | 4594 (11.9) | |
55–59 | 3028 (15.7) | 6056 (15.7) | |
60–64 | 3243 (16.8) | 6486 (16.8) | |
65–69 | 3575 (18.5) | 7150 (18.5) | |
70–74 | 3854 (19.9) | 7708 (19.9) | |
75–79 | 2126 (11.0) | 4252 (11.0) | |
80–84 | 819 (4.2) | 1638 (4.2) | |
85+ | 204 (1.1) | 408 (1.1) | |
Sex | 1.000 | ||
Male | 3711 (19.2) | 7422 (19.2) | |
Female | 15,640 (80.8) | 31,280 (80.8) | |
Income | 1.000 | ||
1 (lowest) | 3425 (17.7) | 6850 (17.7) | |
2 | 2694 (13.9) | 5388 (13.9) | |
3 | 3162 (16.3) | 6324 (16.3) | |
4 | 4015 (20.8) | 8030 (20.8) | |
5 (highest) | 6055 (31.3) | 12,110 (31.3) | |
Region of residence | 1.000 | ||
Urban | 7201 (37.2) | 14,402 (37.2) | |
Rural | 12,150 (62.8) | 24,300 (62.8) | |
Obesity † | <0.001 * | ||
Underweight | 738 (3.8) | 917 (2.4) | |
Normal | 7619 (39.4) | 13,074 (33.8) | |
Overweight | 4999 (25.8) | 10,189 (26.3) | |
Obese I | 5463 (28.2) | 12,815 (33.1) | |
Obese II | 532 (2.8) | 1707 (4.4) | |
Smoking status | 0.029 * | ||
Nonsmoker | 17,003 (87.9) | 33,736 (87.2) | |
Past smoker | 1370 (7.1) | 2824 (7.3) | |
Current smoker | 978 (5.1) | 2142 (5.5) | |
Alcohol consumption | <0.001 * | ||
<1 time a week | 14,965 (77.3) | 29,254 (75.6) | |
≥1 time a week | 4386 (22.7) | 9448 (24.4) | |
CCI score | <0.001 * | ||
0 | 13,083 (67.6) | 27,493 (71.0) | |
1 | 3043 (15.7) | 5453 (14.1) | |
≥2 | 3225 (16.7) | 5756 (14.9) | |
PA | <0.001 * | ||
LPA | 11,209 (57.9) | 21,462 (55.5) | |
MHPA | 8142 (42.1) | 17,240 (44.6) | |
Sunshine duration | 0.005 * | ||
Short sunshine duration (≤6 h) | 9625 (49.7) | 18,772 (48.5) | |
Long sunshine duration (>6 h) | 9726 (50.3) | 19,930 (51.5) |
Characteristics | No. of Osteoporosis/No. of Participants (%) | Odds Ratios for Osteoporosis | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude † | p-Value | Adjusted †‡ | p-Value | ||
Total participants (n = 58,053) | |||||
MHPA | 8142/25,382 (32.1) | 0.90 (0.87–0.94) | <0.001 * | 0.90 (0.87–0.94) | <0.001 * |
LPA | 11,209/32,671 (34.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Age < 60 years old, males (n = 1314) | |||||
MHPA | 194/613 (31.7) | 0.87 (0.69–1.09) | 0.223 | 0.88 (0.69–1.12) | 0.307 |
LPA | 244/701 (34.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Age < 60 years old, females (n = 15,276) | |||||
MHPA | 2158/6,637 (32.5) | 0.94 (0.88–1.00) | 0.059 | 0.93 (0.87–1.00) | 0.048 * |
LPA | 2934/8,639 (34.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Age ≥ 60 years old, males (n = 9819) | |||||
MHPA | 1524/4,945 (30.8) | 0.79 (0.73–0.86) | <0.001 * | 0.81 (0.74–0.88) | <0.001 * |
LPA | 1,749/4,874 (35.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Age ≥ 60 years old, females (n = 31,644) | |||||
MHPA | 4266/13,187 (32.4) | 0.93 (0.88–0.97) | 0.002 * | 0.92 (0.88–0.96) | 0.001 * |
LPA | 6282/18,457 (34.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Characteristics | No. of Osteoporosis/No. of Participants (%) | Odds Ratios for Osteoporosis | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude† | p-Value | Adjusted †‡ | p-Value | ||
Total participants (n = 58,053) | |||||
Long sunshine duration | 9726/29,656 (32.8) | 0.95 (0.92–0.98) | 0.004 * | 0.96 (0.93–1.00) | 0.027 * |
Short sunshine duration | 9625/28,397 (33.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Age < 60 years old, males (n = 1314) | |||||
Long sunshine duration | 233/717 (32.5) | 0.91 (0.71–1.16) | 0.450 | 0.94 (0.73–1.21) | 0.605 |
Short sunshine duration | 205/597 (34.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Age < 60 years old, females (n = 15,276) | |||||
Long sunshine duration | 2489/7,631 (32.6) | 0.93 (0.87–1.00) | 0.050 | 0.93 (0.87–1.00) | 0.045 * |
Short sunshine duration | 2603/7645 (34.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Age ≥ 60 years old, males (n = 9819) | |||||
Long sunshine duration | 1675/5,118 (32.7) | 0.94 (0.86–1.03) | 0.165 | 0.98 (0.90–1.07) | 0.623 |
Short sunshine duration | 1598/4,701 (34.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Age ≥ 60 years old, females (n = 31,644) | |||||
Long sunshine duration | 5329/16,190 (32.9) | 0.96 (0.91–1.01) | 0.095 | 0.96 (0.92–1.01) | 0.136 |
Short sunshine duration | 5219/15,454 (33.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
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Min, C.-Y.; Yoo, D.-M.; Choi, H.-G. Associations between Physical Activity, Sunshine Duration and Osteoporosis According to Obesity and Other Lifestyle Factors: A Nested Case–Control Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 4437. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094437
Min C-Y, Yoo D-M, Choi H-G. Associations between Physical Activity, Sunshine Duration and Osteoporosis According to Obesity and Other Lifestyle Factors: A Nested Case–Control Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(9):4437. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094437
Chicago/Turabian StyleMin, Chan-Yang, Dae-Myoung Yoo, and Hyo-Geun Choi. 2021. "Associations between Physical Activity, Sunshine Duration and Osteoporosis According to Obesity and Other Lifestyle Factors: A Nested Case–Control Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 9: 4437. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094437