Short-Term Annoyance Due to Night-Time Road, Railway, and Air Traffic Noise: Role of the Noise Source, the Acoustical Metric, and Non-Acoustical Factors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Residential Areas and Participants
2.2. Measurements of Noise Exposure
2.3. Measurements of Subjective Responses
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Results
3.2. Prediction of Short-Term Annoyance by Road Traffic Noise
3.3. Prediction of Short-Term Annoyance by Road, Railway, and Aircraft Noise
4. Discussion
4.1. Effect of Road Traffic Noise on Short-Term Annoyance
4.2. Comparison of Road, Railway, and Aircraft Noise Effects on Short-Term Annoyance
4.3. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Traffic Noise Source | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Road | Railway | Aircraft | |||||||
Mean (SD) | Min. | Max. | Mean (SD) | Min. | Max. | Mean (SD) | Min. | Max. | |
LAeq,night of traffic noise events indoors (dB) | 27.86 (5.18) | 18.5 | 44.7 | 36.62 (6.05) | 23.1 | 49.3 | 24.88 (8.00) | 0.0 | 48.0 |
Number of nocturnal traffic noise events | 297.22 (139.32) | 45 | 924 | 67.32 (20.43) | 8 | 183 | 36.29 (16.69) | 0 | 134 |
Annoyance due to traffic noise of the previous night (5-point scale) | 1.76 (0.82) | 1 | 5 | 1.64 (0.55) | 1 | 4 | 1.46 (0.48) | 1 | 5 |
General adaptation to chronic noise exposure of the respective traffic source (5-point scale) | 3.21 (1.01) | 1 | 5 | 3.03 (1.21) | 1 | 5 | 2.58 (1.02) | 1 | 5 |
Perceived noise load in the previous night (5-point scale) | 2.07 (0.88) | 1 | 5 | ||||||
Subjective sleep quality in the previous night (0–60) | 38.10 (7.18) | 9.1 | 54.1 | ||||||
Assessment of road transport (0–15) | 8.9 (2.8) | 3 | 13 |
Intercept | LAeq,night of Traffic Noise Events Indoors (dB) | Subjectively Perceived Noise Load in the Previous Night (5-Point Scale) | Subjective Sleep Quality in the Previous Night (0–60) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
GEE 1 | Estimate | −8.974 | 0.142 | 3.859 | −0.067 |
QIC = 101.348 | SE | 1.952 | 0.050 | 0.671 | 0.026 |
p-value | <0.001 | 0.005 | <0.001 | 0.009 | |
OR | 1.152 | 47.437 | 0.936 | ||
OR 95% CI (lower) | 1.044 | 12.75 | 0.890 | ||
OR 95% CI (upper) | 1.271 | 176.531 | 0.983 | ||
Intercept | Number of Nocturnal Traffic Noise Events | Assessment of Road Transport (0–15) | |||
GEE 2 | Estimate | 1.627 | 0.003 | −0.294 | |
QIC = 177.370 | SE | 0.780 | 0.001 | 0.085 | |
p-value | 0.037 | 0.038 | 0.001 | ||
OR | 1.003 | 0.745 | |||
OR 95% CI (lower) | 1.000 | 0.630 | |||
OR 95% CI (upper) | 1.006 | 0.881 |
Statistic | Intercept | Traffic Noise Source | LAeq,night of Traffic Noise Events Per Night Indoors (dB) | General Adaptation to Chronic Noise Exposure of The Respective Traffic Source (5-Point Scale) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Road | Railway | Aircraft | |||||
GEE 3 | Estimate | −0.702 | 0.649 | 0.682 | Reference group | ||
QIC = 1228.286 | SE | 0.161 | 0.287 | 0.304 | |||
p-value | <0.001 | 0.024 | 0.025 | ||||
OR | 1.914 | 1.978 | |||||
OR 95% CI (lower) | 1.089 | 1.091 | |||||
OR 95% CI (upper) | 3.362 | 3.586 | |||||
GEE 4 | Estimate | −1.861 | 0.566 | 0.193 | 0.045 | ||
QIC = 1216.632 | SE | 0.382 | 0.291 | 0.334 | 0.012 | ||
p-value | <0.001 | 0.052 | 0.563 | <0.001 | |||
OR | 1.761 | 1.213 | 1.046 | ||||
OR 95% CI (lower) | 0.995 | 0.630 | 1.021 | ||||
OR 95% CI (upper) | 3.114 | 2.334 | 1.071 | ||||
GEE 5 | Estimate | −0.240 | 1.098 | 0.591 | 0.043 | −0.639 | |
QIC = 1129.012 | SE | 0.473 | 0.328 | 0.338 | 0.012 | 0.128 | |
p-value | 0.611 | 0.001 | 0.081 | 0.001 | <0.001 | ||
OR | 2.998 | 1.805 | 1.044 | 0.528 | |||
OR 95% CI (lower) | 1.577 | 0.930 | 1.019 | 0.411 | |||
OR 95% CI (upper) | 5.700 | 3.503 | 1.069 | 0.678 |
Statistic | Intercept | Traffic Noise Source | Number of Nocturnal Traffic Noise Events Per Night | Road x Number of Nocturnal Traffic Noise Events Per Night | Railway x Number of Nocturnal Traffic Noise Events Per Night | Aircraft x Number of Nocturnal Traffic Noise Events Per Night | General Adaptation to Chronic Noise Exposure of The Respective Traffic Source (5-Point Scale) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Road | Railway | Aircraft | ||||||||
GEE 6 | Estimate | −1.363 | 0.715 | 0.845 | 0.017 | −0.016 | −0.010 | |||
QIC = 1169.547 | SE | 0.249 | 0.537 | 0.553 | Reference group | 0.004 | 0.005 | 0.007 | Reference group | |
p-value | <0.001 | 0.183 | 0.126 | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.153 | ||||
OR | 2.044 | 2.328 | 1.017 | 0.985 | 0.990 | |||||
OR 95% CI (lower) | 0.713 | 0.788 | 1.009 | 0.976 | 0.977 | |||||
OR 95% CI (upper) | 5.859 | 6.882 | 1.026 | 0.993 | 1.004 | |||||
GEE 7 | Estimate | 0.212 | 1.327 | 1.256 | 0.019 | −0.017 | −0.011 | −0.665 | ||
QIC = 1080.203 | SE | 0.371 | 0.614 | 0.585 | 0.004 | 0.005 | 0.007 | 0.131 | ||
p-value | 0.567 | 0.031 | 0.032 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.152 | <0.001 | |||
OR | 3.770 | 3.510 | 1.019 | 0.983 | 0.989 | 0.514 | ||||
OR 95% CI (lower) | 1.131 | 1.115 | 1.010 | 0.974 | 0.975 | 0.398 | ||||
OR 95% CI (upper) | 12.563 | 11.004 | 1.028 | 0.992 | 1.004 | 0.664 |
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Weidenfeld, S.; Sanok, S.; Fimmers, R.; Puth, M.-T.; Aeschbach, D.; Elmenhorst, E.-M. Short-Term Annoyance Due to Night-Time Road, Railway, and Air Traffic Noise: Role of the Noise Source, the Acoustical Metric, and Non-Acoustical Factors. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 4647. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094647
Weidenfeld S, Sanok S, Fimmers R, Puth M-T, Aeschbach D, Elmenhorst E-M. Short-Term Annoyance Due to Night-Time Road, Railway, and Air Traffic Noise: Role of the Noise Source, the Acoustical Metric, and Non-Acoustical Factors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(9):4647. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094647
Chicago/Turabian StyleWeidenfeld, Sarah, Sandra Sanok, Rolf Fimmers, Marie-Therese Puth, Daniel Aeschbach, and Eva-Maria Elmenhorst. 2021. "Short-Term Annoyance Due to Night-Time Road, Railway, and Air Traffic Noise: Role of the Noise Source, the Acoustical Metric, and Non-Acoustical Factors" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 9: 4647. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094647