Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Adherence to Preventive Measures in Cuenca, Ecuador, October 2020, a Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Setting and Design
2.2. Testing for COVID-19 Infection
2.3. Assessment of Adherence
2.4. Data Processing and Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participants Characteristics
3.2. Flu-Like Symptoms Associated with COVID-19 Infection among Participants
3.3. SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence in Cuenca
3.4. Factors Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence
3.5. Adherence to COVID-19 Preventive Measures
4. Discussion
5. Limitations of the Study
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Scoring | Interpretation | |
---|---|---|---|
I follow the 1.5–2 m physical distance rule | Yes no | 1 0 | 1 point for yes, 0 points for no |
I wash my hands regularly or I use hand sanitiser regularly | Yes No | 1 0 | If any (or both) questions have answered yes, 1 point, 0 points for no |
I stay at home when I have flu symptoms | Yes no | 1 0 | 1 point for yes, 0 points for no |
I wear a face mask when I go out | Yes no | 1 0 | 1 point for yes, 0 points for no |
I respect not going out to overcrowded places | Yes no | 1 0 | 1 point for yes, 0 points for no |
Total adherence score (maximum): 5 |
Variables | Response | No. of Positive/No. of Subjects | SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|
Sex | Male, n (%) | 118/997 | 12% (10–14) |
Female, n (%) | 207/1460 | 14.2% (12.5–16.1) | |
Age group | 0–19 years, n (%) | 45/402 | 11.2% (8.4–14.8) |
20–34 years, n (%) | 79/675 | 11.7% (9.4–14.3) | |
35–49 years, n (%) | 100/624 | 16% (13.3–19.2) | |
50–64 years, n (%) | 63/461 | 13.7% (10.7–17.2) | |
65+ years, n (%) | 38/295 | 13% (9.3–17.4) | |
Parish | Rural, n (%) | 168/1231 | 13.6% (11.8–15.7) |
Urban, n (%) | 157/1226 | 12.8% (11–14.8) | |
Marital status | Divorced, n (%) | 27/193 | 14% (9.5–20) |
Single, n (%) | 95/797 | 12% (9.8–14.4) | |
Married, n (%) | 155/1122 | 13.8% (12–16) | |
Cohabitation, n (%) | 30/186 | 16.1% (11.3–22.4) | |
Widower, n (%) | 11/96 | 11.5% (6.1–20) | |
Education | None, n (%) | 15/103 | 14.6% (8.6–23) |
Primary, n (%) | 148/859 | 17.2% (14.8–20) | |
Secondary, n (%) | 116/883 | 13.1% (11–15.6) | |
Tertiary, n (%) | 45/602 | 7.5% (5.5–10) | |
Monthly income | Less than 200 $, n (%) | 108/682 | 15.8% (13.2–18.8) |
From 200 $ to 519 $, n (%) | 144/1052 | 13.7% (11.7–16) | |
From 520 $ to 1500 $, n (%) | 61/531 | 11.5% (9–14.5) | |
More than 1500 $, n (%) | 7/95 | 7.4% (3.3–15.1) | |
Nationality | Ecuador, n (%) | 319/2400 | 13.3% (12–14.7) |
Foreigner, n (%) | 6/57 | 10.5% (4.3–22) | |
Housing conditions | House with Garden, n (%) | 145/1166 | 12.4% (10.6–14.5) |
House without Garden n (%) | 140/980 | 14.3% (12.2–16.7) | |
Apartment, n (%) | 23/202 | 11.4% (7.5–16.7) | |
Quarters, n (%) | 14/96 | 14.6% (8.5–23.6) | |
Cabin, n (%) | 3/13 | 23.1% (6.2–54) | |
Means of transport to work | On Foot, n (%) | 65/529 | 12.6% (9.6–15.5) |
Bicycle/Moto/Trolley car, n (%) | 12/106 | 11.3% (6.2–19.3) | |
Private car, n (%) | 99/912 | 11% (9–13.1) | |
Public (Bus/Taxi), n (%) | 135/742 | 18.2% (15.5–21.2) | |
Occupation | None, n (%) | 66/610 | 10.8% (8.5–13.6) |
Daily workers/House help, n (%) | 39/197 | 20% (14.6–26.2) | |
Private business owners, n (%) | 134/1102 | 12.2% (10.3–14.3) | |
Street sellers, n (%) | 4/31 | 13% (4.2–30.8) | |
Small farm owners, n (%) | 26/85 | 30.6% (21.3–41.7) | |
Pensioners, n (%) | 10/121 | 8.3% (4.3–15.1) | |
Others, n (%) | 43/214 | 20% (15.1–26.2) |
Covariates | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||
Male | Ref | Ref | |
Female | 1.24 (0.95–1.56) | 1.12 (0.88–1.46) | 0.190 |
Age | |||
0–19 years, | Ref | Ref | |
20–34 years, | 1.10 (0.74–1.66) | 1.07 (0.69–1.64) | 0.751 |
35–49 years, | 1.53 (1.04–2.27) | 1.56 (1.07–2.46) | 0.023 |
50–64 years, | 1.34 (0.83–2.06) | 1.38 (0.96–2.35) | 0.078 |
65+ years, | 1.36 (0.84–2.21) | 1.45 (0.87–2.43) | 0.153 |
Enough resources for living | |||
No | Ref | Ref | |
Yes | 0.65 (0.51–0.84) | 0.64 (0.49–0.84) | 0.001 |
Means of transport | |||
Private (own car, foot, bicycle) | Ref | Ref | |
Public (bus/taxi) | 1.73 (1.36–2.21) | 1.65 (1.28–2.14) | <0.001 |
Has anyone in your house had COVID-19? | |||
No | Ref | Ref | |
Yes | 5.91 (4.01–8.7) | 6.21 (4.12–9.37) | <0.001 |
Being in contact with someone outside your home with flu-like symptoms, | |||
No | Ref | Ref | |
Yes | 1.90 (1.40–2.57) | 1.83 (1.32–2.53) | <0.001 |
No of people in house | |||
Living alone | Ref | Ref | |
2–4 people | 1.08 (0.72–1.61) | 1.07 (0.71–1.63) | 0.739 |
5–6 people | 1.05 (0.68–1.63) | 1.02 (0.64–1.6) | 0.945 |
>6 people | 2.41 (1.47–3.95) | 2.21 (1.3–3.75) | 0.003 |
Physical contact * with someone outside the household | |||
No | Ref | Ref | |
Yes | 1.49 (1.17–1.89) | 1.54 (1.20–1.98) | <0.001 |
Covariates | Frequency (%) | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non Adherence | High Adherence | ||||
Gender | |||||
Male | 117 (11.7) | 880 (88.3) | Ref | Ref | |
Female | 122 (8.36) | 1338 (91.6) | 1.45 (1.11–1.9) | 1.28 (0.95–1.74) | 0.107 |
Age | |||||
0–19 years, | 39 (9.7) | 363 (90.3) | Ref | Ref | |
20–34 years, | 88 (13) | 587 (87) | 0.71 (0.47–1.08) | 0.56 (0.35–0.9) | 0.017 |
35–49 years, | 53 (8.5) | 571 (91.5) | 1.18 (0.76–1.85) | 0.96 (0.58–1.58) | 0.872 |
50–64 years, | 36 (7.8) | 425 (92.2) | 1.25(0.77–2.03) | 0.84 (0.49–1.43) | 0.518 |
65+ years, | 23 (7.8) | 272 (92.2) | 1.22 (0.71–2.11) | 0.99 (0.54–1.84) | 0.993 |
Do you know anyone who has Corona | |||||
No | 195 (10.7) | 1619 (89.3) | Ref | Ref | |
Yes | 44 (6.8) | 599 (93.2) | 1.78 (1.26–2.53) | 1.75 (1.2–2.54) | 0.004 |
Education | |||||
None | 26 (25.2) | 77 (74.8) | Ref | Ref | |
Primary | 46 (5.4) | 813 (94.6) | 6.3 (3.66–10.85) | 5.31(2.86–9.88) | <0.001 |
Secondary | 70 (8) | 813 (92) | 4.16 (2.5–6.95) | 3.59 (1.94–6.65) | <0.001 |
Tertiary | 97 (16) | 505 (84) | 1.82 (1.11–3) | 1.59 (0.84–3.01) | 0.154 |
Monthly income | |||||
Less than 200$ | 64 (9.4) | 618 (90.6) | Ref | Ref | |
From 200$ to 519$ | 87 (8.3) | 965 (91.7) | 1.15 (0.82–1.61) | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) | 0.014 |
From 520$ to 1500$ | 69 (13) | 462 (87) | 0.69 (0.48–0.99) | 0.43 (0.26–0.68) | <0.001 |
More than 1500$ | 14 (14.7) | 81 (85.3) | 0.6 (0.32–1.12) | 0.25 (0.12–0.54) | <0.001 |
Enough resources for living | |||||
No | 157 (20) | 629 (80) | Ref | Ref | |
Yes | 82 (5) | 1589 (95) | 5.08 (3.82–6.77) | 7.14 (5.09–10) | <0.001 |
Number of people in house | |||||
Living alone | 18 (6) | 276 (94) | Ref | Ref | |
2–4 people | 94 (7.2) | 1214 (92.8) | 0.87 (0.52–1.47) | 0.79 (0.45–1.38) | 0.413 |
5–6 people | 115 (17.4) | 547 (82.6) | 0.33 (0.19–0.55) | 0.35 (0.2–0.61) | <0.001 |
>6 people | 12 (6.2) | 181 (93.8) | 1.11 (0.51–2.4) | 1.04 (0.46–2.36) | 0.931 |
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Acurio-Páez, D.; Vega, B.; Orellana, D.; Charry, R.; Gómez, A.; Obimpeh, M.; Verhoeven, V.; Colebunders, R. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Adherence to Preventive Measures in Cuenca, Ecuador, October 2020, a Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 4657. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094657
Acurio-Páez D, Vega B, Orellana D, Charry R, Gómez A, Obimpeh M, Verhoeven V, Colebunders R. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Adherence to Preventive Measures in Cuenca, Ecuador, October 2020, a Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(9):4657. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094657
Chicago/Turabian StyleAcurio-Páez, David, Bernardo Vega, Daniel Orellana, Ricardo Charry, Andrea Gómez, Michael Obimpeh, Veronique Verhoeven, and Robert Colebunders. 2021. "Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Adherence to Preventive Measures in Cuenca, Ecuador, October 2020, a Cross-Sectional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 9: 4657. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094657