Prenatal Exposure to Cigarette Smoke and Anogenital Distance at 4 Years in the INMA-Asturias Cohort
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Smoking Status
2.3. AGD
2.4. Urinary Cotinine Levels
2.5. Potential Confounders
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Female Children (n = 180) | Male Children (n = 201) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Child characteristics | n | % | Mean (SD) | n | % | Mean (SD) |
AGD at 4 years (mm) | 180 | 17.00 (4.89) | 201 | 33.92 (11.37) | ||
AGI at 4 years (mm/kg) | 180 | 0.96 (0.27) | 201 | 1.83 (0.63) | ||
Birth weight (kg) | 180 | 3.17 (0.48) | 201 | 3.34 (0.45) | ||
Birth length (cm) | 180 | 49.23 (2.18) | 201 | 49.99 (2.1) | ||
Weight at 4 years (kg) | 180 | 17.91 (2.78) | 201 | 18.86 (2.98) | ||
Height at 4 years (cm) | 180 | 104.67 (4.53) | 201 | 107.05 (4.45) | ||
BMI at 4 years (kg/m2) | 180 | 16.29 (1.79) | 201 | 16.38 (1.79) | ||
Maternal characteristics | ||||||
Age (years) | 180 | 31.73 (4.19) | 201 | 31.96 (4.40) | ||
Gestational age (week) | 180 | 39.57 (1.68) | 201 | 39.35 (1.52) | ||
Pre-pregnancy BMI | 180 | 201 | ||||
Underweight (<18.5 kg/m2) | 3 | 1.67 | 11 | 5.47 | ||
Normal (18.5–24.9 kg/m2) | 122 | 67.78 | 129 | 64.18 | ||
Overweight (25.0–29.9 kg/m2) | 43 | 23.89 | 42 | 20.90 | ||
Obese (≥30 kg/m2) | 12 | 6.67 | 19 | 9.45 | ||
Weight (kg) | 180 | 62.74 (11.11) | 201 | 62.33 (11.31) | ||
Height (cm) | 180 | 162.62 (5.60) | 201 | 162.48 (5.61) | ||
Weight gain (kg) | 176 | 13.36 (5.55) | 195 | 13.99 (4.8) | ||
Education | 180 | 201 | ||||
Primary | 32 | 17.78 | 32 | 15.92 | ||
Secondary | 83 | 46.11 | 84 | 41.79 | ||
University | 65 | 36.11 | 85 | 42.29 | ||
Social class | 180 | 200 | ||||
I–II (highest) | 35 | 19.44 | 54 | 27.00 | ||
III | 37 | 20.56 | 44 | 22.00 | ||
IV–V (lowest) | 108 | 60.00 | 102 | 51.00 | ||
Parity | 180 | 201 | ||||
One | 106 | 58.89 | 126 | 62.69 | ||
Two | 65 | 36.11 | 68 | 33.83 | ||
Three or more | 9 | 5.00 | 7 | 3.48 | ||
Cotinine (ng/mL) | 167 | 301.16 (806.92) | 178 | 351.1 (838.64) | ||
Cotinine | 167 | 178 | ||||
<27 ng/ml | 129 | 77.25 | 132 | 74.16 | ||
≥27 ng/ml | 38 | 22.75 | 46 | 25.84 | ||
Cigarettes/day at the beginning of pregnancy a | 172 | 11.92 (9.01) | 192 | 13.19 (10.04) | ||
Smoking at the beginning of pregnancy | 172 | 192 | ||||
No | 126 | 73.26 | 138 | 71.88 | ||
Yes | 46 | 26.74 | 54 | 28.12 | ||
Cigarettes/day at week 12 of pregnancy a | 169 | 6.74 (4.93) | 192 | 7.74 (6.62) | ||
Smoking at week 12 of pregnancy | 171 | 192 | ||||
No | 145 | 84.80 | 158 | 82.29 | ||
Yes | 26 | 15.20 | 34 | 17.71 | ||
Cigarettes/day at week 32 of pregnancy a | 172 | 6.83 (5.12) | 192 | 5.77 (3.61) | ||
Smoking at week 32 of pregnancy | 172 | 192 | ||||
No | 147 | 85.47 | 159 | 82.81 | ||
Yes | 25 | 14.53 | 33 | 17.19 | ||
Passive smoke exposure during pregnancy | 172 | 192 | ||||
No exposure | 96 | 55.81 | 99 | 51.56 | ||
One between home/work/rest/leisure | 53 | 30.81 | 69 | 35.94 | ||
More than one between home/work/rest/leisure | 23 | 13.37 | 24 | 12.50 |
Female Children (n = 180) | Male Children (n = 201) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | 95% CI | p-Value | β | 95% CI | p-Value | |
Active smoke exposure | ||||||
Cotinine (continuous) 1 | 0.01 | (0.00, 0.03) | 0.07 | −0.01 | (−0.05, 0.03) | 0.66 |
Cotinine (categorical) 2 | 0.06 | (−0.05, 0.17) | 0.30 | 0.11 | (−0.18, 0.36) | 0.45 |
Cigarettes/day at the beginning of pregnancy 2 | 0.00 | (0.00, 0.01) | 0.54 | 0.01 | (−0.00, 0.03) | 0.17 |
Smoking at the beginning of pregnancy 3 | 0.00 | (−0.10, 0.10) | 1.00 | 0.20 | (−0.05, 0.46) | 0.12 |
Cigarettes/day at week 12 of pregnancy 2 | 0.00 | (−0.02, 0.02) | 0.90 | 0.02 | (−0.01, 0.04) | 0.27 |
Smoking at week 12 of pregnancy 3 | 0.01 | (−0.12, 0.13) | 0.87 | 0.31 | (0.00, 0.63) | 0.05 |
Cigarettes/day at week 32 of pregnancy 2 | 0.00 | (−0.02, 0.01) | 0.85 | 0.02 | (−0.03,0.06) | 0.46 |
Smoking at week 32 of pregnancy 3 | 0.00 | (−0.13, 0.13) | 0.99 | 0.31 | (0.00, 0.63) | 0.05 |
Passive smoke exposure 4 | ||||||
One between home/work/rest/leisure | 0.04 | (−0.06, 0.14) | 0.45 | −0.13 | (−0.33, 0.08) | 0.23 |
More than one between home/work/rest/leisure | 0.02 | (−0.11,0.15) | 0.81 | −0.02 | (−0.35, 0.32) | 0.93 |
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García-Villarino, M.; Fernández-Iglesias, R.; Riaño-Galán, I.; Rodríguez-Dehli, C.; Babarro, I.; Fernández-Somoano, A.; Tardón, A. Prenatal Exposure to Cigarette Smoke and Anogenital Distance at 4 Years in the INMA-Asturias Cohort. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 4774. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094774
García-Villarino M, Fernández-Iglesias R, Riaño-Galán I, Rodríguez-Dehli C, Babarro I, Fernández-Somoano A, Tardón A. Prenatal Exposure to Cigarette Smoke and Anogenital Distance at 4 Years in the INMA-Asturias Cohort. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(9):4774. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094774
Chicago/Turabian StyleGarcía-Villarino, Miguel, Rocío Fernández-Iglesias, Isolina Riaño-Galán, Cristina Rodríguez-Dehli, Izaro Babarro, Ana Fernández-Somoano, and Adonina Tardón. 2021. "Prenatal Exposure to Cigarette Smoke and Anogenital Distance at 4 Years in the INMA-Asturias Cohort" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 9: 4774. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094774