Geographic Heterogeneity in Influenza and Pneumonia Mortality in Hispanic Americans
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Population and Deaths
2.2. Regions and Urbanization
2.3. Immunization
2.4. Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Ethnicity and Death Rates
3.2. Regions and Urbanization
3.3. Immunization
4. Discussion
4.1. Previous Studies
4.2. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Age Groups (Years) | Hispanic White | Non-Hispanic White | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Deaths | Crude Rate | Crude Rate 95% CI 1 | Deaths | Crude Rate | Crude Rate 95% CI | |
25–34 | 1183 | 0.8 | 0.8–0.9 | 4747 | 1.0 | 0.9–1.0 |
35–44 | 2113 | 1.7 | 1.6–1.7 | 11,249 | 2.1 | 2.0–2.1 |
45–54 | 3716 | 4.0 | 3.9–4.1 | 27,723 | 4.7 | 4.6–4.7 |
55–64 | 5866 | 10.4 | 10.1–10.6 | 54,949 | 10.7 | 10.6–10.8 |
65–74 | 9516 | 30.7 | 30.1–31.3 | 106,432 | 30.3 | 30.2–30.5 |
75–84 | 16,737 | 107.6 | 106.0–109.3 | 261,130 | 119.6 | 119.1–120.1 |
85+ | 21,060 | 403.0 | 397.5–408.4 | 465,710 | 518.9 | 517.5–520.4 |
2013 Urbanization | Hispanic White | Non-Hispanic White | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Deaths | AAMR 1 | AAMR 95% CI 2 | Deaths | AAMR | AAMR 95% CI | |
Large Central Metro | 5464 | 27.10 | 26.36–27.83 | 16,090 | 19.78 | 19.47–20.09 |
Large Fringe Metro | 900 | 10.46 | 9.73–11.18 | 17,227 | 13.35 | 13.15–13.55 |
Medium Metro | 86 | 11.92 | 9.36–14.96 | 4763 | 14.91 | 14.48–15.33 |
Small Metro | 49 | 12.70 | 9.22–17.04 | 2322 | 15.39 | 14.76–16.02 |
Micropolitan (Nonmetro) | 31 | 21.04 | 13.98–30.41 | 2357 | 15.94 | 15.29–16.58 |
Non-Core (Non-metro) | 16 | Unreliable | 7.88–25.32 | 932 | 15.24 | 14.25–16.23 |
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Diaz-Campbell, A.; Sumon, M.; Mehari, A.; Snead, M.B.; Ramirez, R.; Arend, E.; Gillum, R.F. Geographic Heterogeneity in Influenza and Pneumonia Mortality in Hispanic Americans. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 4917. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094917
Diaz-Campbell A, Sumon M, Mehari A, Snead MB, Ramirez R, Arend E, Gillum RF. Geographic Heterogeneity in Influenza and Pneumonia Mortality in Hispanic Americans. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(9):4917. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094917
Chicago/Turabian StyleDiaz-Campbell, Annika, Mahbubur Sumon, Alem Mehari, Mackenzie B. Snead, Rafael Ramirez, Elizabeth Arend, and Richard F. Gillum. 2021. "Geographic Heterogeneity in Influenza and Pneumonia Mortality in Hispanic Americans" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 9: 4917. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094917