Distribution Levels of Particulate Matter Fractions (<2.5 µm, 2.5–10 µm and >10 µm) at Seven Primary Schools in a European Ceramic Cluster
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Analysis of Differences Depending on the Type of Location
3.1.1. Fraction Smaller Than 2.5 µm
3.1.2. Fraction between 2.5 and 10 µm
3.1.3. Fraction Greater Than 10 µm
3.2. Study of the Differences Depending on the Sampling Point
3.2.1. Fraction Smaller Than 2.5 µm
3.2.2. Fraction between 2.5 and 10 µm
3.2.3. Fraction Larger Than 10 µm
3.3. Relationship between the Different Granulometric Fractions
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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School | Site | Town Location | Traffic Density | Classroom Volume (m3) | Window Orientation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
S1 | Urban | E | High | 268.03 | WNW |
S2 | Urban | NW | Medium | 159.56 | SSE |
S3 | Urban | W | High | 173.49 | ESE |
S4 | Industrial | SE | Medium | 36.17 | WNW |
S5 | Industrial | E | Medium | 109.09 | ENE |
S6 | Industrial | SW | Low-Medium | 97.67 | SSE |
S7 | Rural | SE | Low | 182.60 | SE |
Comparations | Sum of Squares | Df | Root Mean Square | F | Sig. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Inter-group | 5946.22 | 2 | 2973.11 | 4.42 | 0.016 |
Intra-group | 40,349.71 | 60 | 672.50 | ||
Total | 46,295.94 | 62 |
(I) Location | (J) Location | Mean Difference (I–J) | Standard Error | Sig. | 95% Confidence Interval | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Upper Limit | Lower Limit | |||||
Urban | Industrial Rural | −7.33 25.09 | 6.93 11.00 | 0.884 0.078 | −24.41 −1.99 | 9.75 52.18 |
Industrial | Urban Rural | 7.33 32.43 * | 6.93 10.92 | 0.884 0.013 | −9.75 5.53 | 24.41 59.33 |
Rural | Urban Industrial | −25.09 −32.43 * | 11.00 10.92 | 0.078 0.013 | −52.18 −59.33 | 1.99 −5.53 |
Test Statistics a,b | |
---|---|
Chi-squared | 12.458 |
Df | 2 |
Asymp. sig. | 0.002 |
(I) Location | (J) Location | Mean Difference (I–J) | Standard Error | Sig. | 95% Confidence Interval | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower Limit | Upper Limit | |||||
Urban | Industrial Rural | −22.95 37.14 * | 10.71 8.74 | 0.112 0.006 | −49.81 11.82 | 3.90 62.47 |
Industrial | Urban Rural | 22.95 60.10 * | 10.71 13.20 | 0.112 0.000 | −3.90 26.73 | 49.81 93.47 |
Rural | Urban Industrial | −37.14 * −60.10 * | 8.74 13.20 | 0.006 0.000 | −62.47 −93.47 | −11.82 −26.73 |
Test Statistics a,b | |
---|---|
Chi-squared | 12.500 |
Df | 2 |
Asymp. sig. | 0.002 |
(I) Location | (J) Location | Mean Difference (I–J) | Standard Error | Sig. | 95% Confidence Interval | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower Limit | Upper Limit | |||||
Urban | Industrial Rural | −13.94 19.51 * | 6.98 6.42 | 0.144 0.021 | −31.15 2.64 | 3.26 36.38 |
Industrial | Urban Rural | 13.94 33.45 * | 6.98 7.55 | 0.144 0.000 | −3.26 14.26 | 31.15 52.64 |
Rural | Urban Industrial | −19.51 * −33.45 * | 6.42 7.55 | 0.021 0.000 | −36.38 −52.64 | −2.64 −14.26 |
Comparations | Sum of Squares | Df | Mean Square | F | Sig. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Inter-groups | 22,764.52 | 6 | 3794.09 | 9.03 | 0.000 |
Intra-groups | 23,531.42 | 56 | 420.20 | ||
Total | 46,295.94 | 62 |
(I) Location | (J) Location | Mean Difference (I–J) | Standard Error | Sig. | 95% Confidence Interval | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower Limit | Upper Limit | |||||
S1 | S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 | 20.37 0.42 28.54 −26.82 2.12 31.30 | 10.25 9.52 9.96 9.72 9.72 10.61 | 1.000 1.000 0.123 0.164 1.000 0.097 | −12.25 −29.90 −3.16 −57.77 −33.07 −2.46 | 53.00 30.74 60.24 4.12 28.82 65.07 |
S2 | S1 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 | −20.35 −19.95 8.17 −47.20 * −22.50 10.93 | 10.25 9.52 9.96 9.72 9.72 10.61 | 1.000 0.855 1.000 0.000 0.512 1.000 | −53.00 −50.27 −23.54 −78.15 −53.45 −22.84 | 12.25 10.36 39.87 −16.25 8.44 44.70 |
S3 | S1 S2 S4 S5 S6 S7 | −0.42 19.95 28.12 −27.24 −2.54 30.88 | 9.52 9.52 9.21 8.96 8.96 9.91 | 1.000 0.855 0.073 0.075 1.000 0.061 | −30.74 −10.36 −1.20 −55.75 −31.05 −0.66 | 29.90 50.27 57.45 1.26 25.96 62.43 |
S4 | S1 S2 S3 S5 S6 S7 | −28.54 −8.17 −28.12 −55.37 * −30.67 * 2.76 | 9.96 9.96 9.21 9.42 9.42 10.33 | 0.123 1.000 0.073 0.000 0.040 1.000 | −60.24 −39.87 −57.45 −85.34 −60.64 −30.12 | 3.16 23.54 1.20 −25.39 −0.069 35.64 |
S5 | S1 S2 S3 S4 S6 S7 | 26.82 47.20 * 27.24 55.37 * 24.70 58.13 * | 9.72 9.72 8.96 9.42 9.17 10.10 | 0.164 0.000 0.075 0.000 0.195 0.000 | −4.12 16.25 −1.26 25.39 −4.75 25.98 | 57.77 78.15 55.75 85.34 53.88 90.28 |
S6 | S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S7 | 2.12 22.50 2.54 30.67 * −24.70 33.43 * | 9.72 9.72 8.96 9.42 9.17 10.10 | 1.000 0.512 1.000 0.040 0.195 0.034 | −28.82 −8.44 −25.96 0.69 −53.88 1.28 | 33.07 53.45 31.05 60.64 4.48 65.58 |
S7 | S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 | −31.30 −10.92 −30.88 −2.76 −58.13 * −33.43 * | 10.61 10.61 9.91 10.33 10.10 10.10 | 0.097 1.000 0.061 1.000 0.000 0.034 | −65.07 −44.70 −62.43 −35.64 −90.28 −65.58 | 2.46 22.84 0.66 30.12 −25.98 −1.28 |
Test Statistics a,b | |
---|---|
Chi-squared | 38.743 |
Df | 6 |
Asymp. sig. | 0.000 |
(I) Location | (J) Location | Mean Difference (I–J) | Standard Error | Sig. | 95% Confidence Interval | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower Limit | Upper Limit | |||||
S1 | S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 | 0.97 −6.45 27.08 −83.00 * −7.96 35.14 * | 6.96 6.77 8.26 14.42 7.18 9.15 | 1.000 0.999 0.098 0.002 0.994 0.049 | −23.87 −29.89 −3.19 −136.74 −33.29 −0.12 | 25.81 16.98 57.35 −29.26 17.36 70.16 |
S2 | S1 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 | −0.97 −7.42 26.11 −83.97 * −8.93 34.17 | 6.96 7.94 9.24 15.01 8.29 10.04 | 1.000 0.999 0.191 0.002 0.996 0.078 | −25.81 −35.02 −6.68 −138.52 −37.88 −2.54 | 23.87 20.17 58.91 −29.42 20.01 70.88 |
S3 | S1 S2 S4 S5 S6 S7 | 6.45 7.42 33.54 * −76.55 * −1.51 41.59 * | 6.77 7.94 9.10 14.92 8.13 9.91 | 0.999 0.999 0.037 0.004 1.000 0.019 | −16.98 −20.17 1.41 −130.89 −29.54 5.38 | 29.89 35.03 65.66 −22.20 26.52 77.80 |
S4 | S1 S2 S3 S5 S6 S7 | −27.08 −26.11 −33.54 * −110.08 * −35.04 * 8.06 | 8.26 9.24 9.10 15.65 9.40 10.98 | 0.098 0.191 0.037 0.000 0.033 1.000 | −57.35 −58.91 −65.66 −165.87 −68.15 −31.23 | 3.19 6.68 −1.41 −54.29 −1.94 47.34 |
S5 | S1 S2 S3 S4 S6 S7 | 83.00 * 83.97 * 76.54 * 110.08 * 75.04 * 118.14 * | 14.42 15.01 14.92 15.65 15.11 16.14 | 0.002 0.002 0.004 0.000 0.004 0.000 | 29.26 29.42 22.20 54.29 20.36 61.03 | 136.74 138.52 130.89 165.87 29.71 75.24 |
S6 | S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S7 | 7.96 8.93 1.51 35.04 * −75.04 * 43.10 * | 7.18 8.29 8.13 9.40 15.11 10.19 | 0.994 0.996 1.000 0.033 0.004 0.017 | −17.36 −20.01 −26.53 1.94 −129.71 6.17 | 33.27 37.88 29.54 68.15 −20.36 80.03 |
S7 | S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 | −35.14 * −34.17 −41.59 * −8.06 −118.14 * −43.10 * | 9.15 10.04 9.91 10.98 16.14 10.19 | 0.049 0.078 0.019 1.000 0.000 0.017 | −70.16 −70.88 −77.80 −47.34 −175.24 −80.03 | −0.12 2.54 −5.39 31.23 −61.03 −6.17 |
Test Statistics a,b | |
---|---|
Chi-squared | 25.614 |
Df | 6 |
Asymp. sig. | 0.000 |
(I) Location | (J) Location | Mean Difference (I–J) | Standard Error | Sig. | 95% Confidence Interval | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower Limit | Upper Limit | |||||
S1 | S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 | 4.00 3.20 13.19 −37.61 −4.85 22.00 | 10.90 12.05 10.67 14.22 11.44 11.24 | 1.000 1.000 0.972 0.254 1.000 0.662 | −38.66 −40.92 −29.33 −87.52 −48.00 −21.01 | 46.66 47.33 55.71 12.29 38.30 65.01 |
S2 | S1 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 | −4.00 −0.80 9.19 −41.61 * −8.85 18.00 | 10.90 7.83 5.46 10.88 6.84 6.49 | 1.000 1.000 0.829 0.036 0.973 0.219 | −46.66 −28.38 −10.39 −81.16 −33.00 −5.48 | 38.66 26.79 28.78 −2.07 15.30 41.48 |
S3 | S1 S2 S4 S5 S6 S7 | −3.20 0.80 9.99 −40.82 −8.05 18.80 | 12.05 7.83 7.50 12.03 8.55 8.28 | 1.000 1.000 0.965 0.060 0.999 0.452 | −47.33 −26.79 −16.69 −82.72 −37.56 −10.16 | 40.92 28.38 36.67 1.09 21.45 47.75 |
S4 | S1 S2 S3 S5 S6 S7 | −13.19 −9.19 −9.99 −50.81 * −18.04 * 8.80 | 10.67 5.46 7.50 10.64 6.46 6.09 | 0.972 0.829 0.965 0.008 0.202 0.931 | −55.71 −28.78 −36.67 −89.96 −40.98 −13.42 | 29.33 10.39 16.69 −11.65 4.89 31.03 |
S5 | S1 S2 S3 S4 S6 S7 | 37.61 41.61 * 40.82 50.81 * 32.76 59.61 * | 14.23 10.88 12.03 10.64 11.41 11.21 | 0.254 0.036 0.060 0.008 0.177 0.002 | −12.29 2.07 −1.08 11.65 −7.74 19.41 | 87.52 81.16 82.72 89.96 73.27 99.81 |
S6 | S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S7 | 4.85 8.85 8.05 18.04 −32.76 26.85 * | 11.44 6.84 8.55 6.46 11.41 7.35 | 1.000 0.973 0.999 0.202 0.177 0.039 | −38.30 −15.30 −21.45 −4.89 −73.27 0.94 | 48.00 33.00 37.56 40.98 7.74 52.76 |
S7 | S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 | −22.00 −18.00 −18.80 −8.80 −59.61 * −26.85 * | 11.24 6.49 8.28 6.09 11.21 7.35 | 0.662 0.219 0.452 0.931 0.002 0.039 | −65.01 −41.48 −47.75 −31.03 −99.81 −52.76 | 21.01 5.48 10.16 13.42 −19.42 −0.94 |
School | Indoor PM10 Conc. Calcul.—μg m−3—(min–max) | Outdoor PM10 Conc.—μg m−3—(min–max) | I/O Ratio |
---|---|---|---|
S1 | 132 (95–160) | 53 (30–73) | 2.6 |
S2 | 114 (63–138) | 54 (36–81) | 2.3 |
S3 | 141 (92–185) | 59 (29–98) | 2.6 |
S4 | 69 (19–92) | 53 (35–76) | 1.3 |
S5 | 261 (201–309) | 36 (17–49) | 7.8 |
S6 | 145 (98–181) | 45 (33–68) | 3.5 |
S7 | 71 (15–159) | 36 (16–52) | 2.1 |
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Pallarés, S.; Gómez, E.T.; Martínez-Poveda, Á.; Jordán, M.M. Distribution Levels of Particulate Matter Fractions (<2.5 µm, 2.5–10 µm and >10 µm) at Seven Primary Schools in a European Ceramic Cluster. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 4922. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094922
Pallarés S, Gómez ET, Martínez-Poveda Á, Jordán MM. Distribution Levels of Particulate Matter Fractions (<2.5 µm, 2.5–10 µm and >10 µm) at Seven Primary Schools in a European Ceramic Cluster. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(9):4922. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094922
Chicago/Turabian StylePallarés, Susana, Eva Trinidad Gómez, África Martínez-Poveda, and Manuel Miguel Jordán. 2021. "Distribution Levels of Particulate Matter Fractions (<2.5 µm, 2.5–10 µm and >10 µm) at Seven Primary Schools in a European Ceramic Cluster" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 9: 4922. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094922