Interactive Effects of Unhealthy Lifestyle Behaviors on Testicular Function among Healthy Adult Men: A Cross-Sectional Study in Taiwan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Recruitments of Study Participants
2.2. Anthropometry and Biochemistry Measurements
2.3. Lifestyle Behaviors and Other Covariates
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Participants
3.2. Lifestyle Behaviors, Sex Hormones, and Sperm Quality
3.3. Interactive Effects of Lifestyle Behaviors on Sex Hormones and Sperm Quality
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Smoking | Alcohol Drinking | Physical Activity Type | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | p | No | Yes | p | No/Light | Moderate/ Intensive | p | |
Age, n a | 3283 | <0.01 | 3283 | <0.01 | 3283 | <0.01 | |||
18–30 y | 754 (37.0) | 376 (30.1) | 958 (37.1) | 172 (24.6) | 546 (29.6) | 584 (40.6) | |||
31–40 y | 934 (46.0) | 593 (47.5) | 1192 (46.1) | 335 (47.9) | 878 (47.6) | 649 (45.1) | |||
>40 y | 347 (17.0) | 279 (22.4) | 434 (16.8) | 192 (27.5) | 420 (22.8) | 206 (14.3) | |||
Marital status, n a | 3165 | 0.99 | 3165 | <0.01 | 3165 | <0.01 | |||
Single | 958 (48.8) | 564 (47.0) | 1239 (49.7) | 283 (42.0) | 780 (43.9) | 742 (53.5) | |||
Married | 1006 (51.2) | 637 (53.0) | 1253 (50.3) | 390 (58.0) | 998 (56.1) | 645 (46.5) | |||
Education, n a | 3255 | <0.01 | 3255 | <0.01 | 3255 | <0.01 | |||
< university | 543 (26.9) | 573 (46.4) | 828 (32.3) | 288 (41.6) | 710 (38.9) | 406 (28.4) | |||
>university | 1477 (73.1) | 662 (53.6) | 1734 (67.7) | 405 (58.4) | 1117 (61.1) | 1022 (71.6) | |||
Year income, n a | 3133 | 0.52 | 3133 | <0.01 | 3133 | 0.90 | |||
<NTD 800,000 | 1004 (51.8) | 605 (50.6) | 1325 (53.9) | 284 (42.0) | 904 (51.4) | 705 (51.2) | |||
>NTD 800,000 | 934 (48.2) | 590 (49.4) | 1132 (46.1) | 392 (58.0) | 853 (48.6) | 671 (48.8) | |||
BMI, kg/m2 b | 23.9 3.3) | 24.3 (3.5) | <0.01 | 24.0 (3.3) | 24.4 (3.4) | 0.01 | 24.1 (3.6) | 24.0 (3.1) | 0.23 |
Body fat, % b | 23.6 (5.3) | 24.4 (5.6) | <0.01 | 23.7 (5.4) | 24.4 (5.3) | <0.01 | 24.2 (5.6) | 23.4 (5.0) | <0.01 |
WH ratio b | 0.8 (0.0) | 0.8 (0.0) | <0.01 | 0.8 (0.0) | 0.9 (0.0) | <0.01 | 0.8 (0.0) | 0.8 (0.0) | <0.01 |
Systolic BP, mmHg b | 119.1 (12.9) | 117.9 (12.9) | 0.01 | 118.4 (12.8) | 119.5 (13.3) | 0.04 | 118.4 (13.1) | 118.9 (12.6) | 0.95 |
Diastolic BP, mmHg b | 72.6 (9.5) | 72.4 (9.9) | 0.52 | 72.1 (9.5) | 74.3 (10.2) | <0.01 | 72.8 (9.9) | 72.2 (9.3) | 0.04 |
FBG, mg/dL b | 98.7 (11.0) | 99.6 (14.6) | 0.04 | 98.8 (12.5) | 99.9 (12.5) | 0.04 | 100.1 (14.8) | 97.7 (8.5) | <0.01 |
FSH, IU/L b | 4.3 (2.9) | 5.0 (7.4) | 0.08 | 4.6 (6.2) | 4.7 (3.1) | 0.81 | 4.7 (3.8) | 4.5 (7.5) | 0.61 |
LH, IU/L b | 3.1 (1.4) | 3.5 (2.9) | <0.01 | 3.3 (2.4) | 3.3 (1.5) | 0.94 | 3.2 (1.7) | 3.4 (2.9) | 0.45 |
TT, ng/mL b | 4.9 (1.6) | 5.3 (1.8) | <0.01 | 4.9 (1.8) | 5.3 (1.6) | <0.01 | 4.9 (1.7) | 5.3 (1.8) | <0.01 |
E2, pg/mL b | 24.5 (9.3) | 24.7 (8.5) | 0.82 | 24.6 (9.2) | 24.7 (8.1) | 0.88 | 24.9 (9.4) | 24.1 (8.1) | 0.24 |
Prolactin, ng/mL b | 12.9 (7.9) | 12.5 (7.6) | 0.22 | 12.8 (7.8) | 12.6 (7.8) | 0.73 | 12.9 (7.4) | 12.6 (8.3) | 0.59 |
SC, M/mL b | 46.9 (25.3) | 46.2 (25.6) | 0.55 | 46.5 (25.4) | 47.1 (25.4) | 0.72 | 46.6 (25.4) | 46.7 (25.5) | 0.90 |
TSM, % b | 66.9 (11.8) | 67.6 (11.2) | 0.14 | 67.1 (11.6) | 67.4 (11.4) | 0.63 | 67.0 (11.3) | 67.4 (11.9) | 0.43 |
PRM, % b | 48.0 (14.8) | 48.8 (14.7) | 0.29 | 48.3 (14.8) | 48.1 (14.7) | 0.81 | 48.1 (14.6) | 48.6 (15.0) | 0.42 |
NSM, % b | 67.4 (13.4) | 66.1 (13.2) | 0.03 | 67.2 (13.2) | 66.1 (13.7) | 0.17 | 66.4 (13.2) | 67.6 (13.4) | 0.047 |
Variables | Sleeping Type | Sleeping Time | Western Dietary Pattern | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Insomnia | Well | p | Not Enough | Enough | p | Low/Moderate | High | p | |
Age, n a | 3069 | <0.01 | 3283 | 0.04 | 3283 | <0.01 | |||
18–30 y | 450 (33.0) | 621 (36.4) | 211 (30.4) | 919 (35.5) | 669 (30.6) | 461 (42.1) | |||
31–40 y | 628 (46.0) | 802 (47.0) | 342 (49.2) | 1185 (45.8) | 1005 (45.9) | 522 (47.7) | |||
>40 y | 286 (21.0) | 282 (16.6) | 142 (20.4) | 484 (18.7) | 514 (23.5) | 112 (10.2) | |||
Marital status, n a | 2963 | 0.24 | 3165 | 0.02 | 3165 | <0.01 | |||
Single | 614 (46.9) | 811 (49.1) | 347 (52.2) | 1175 (47.0) | 948 (45.0) | 574 (54.3) | |||
Married | 696 (53.1) | 842 (50.9) | 318 (47.8) | 1325 (53.0) | 1160 (55.0) | 483 (45.7) | |||
Education, n a | 3056 | <0.01 | 3255 | 0.29 | 3255 | 0.64 | |||
< university | 502 (37.0) | 525 (30.9) | 248 (36.0) | 868 (33.8) | 738 (34.0) | 378 (34.8) | |||
>university | 856 (63.0) | 1173 (69.1) | 441 (64.0) | 1698 (66.2) | 1432 (66.0) | 707 (65.2) | |||
Year income, n a | 2931 | 0.76 | 3133 | 0.67 | 3133 | <0.01 | |||
<NTD 800,000 | 689 (52.7) | 847 (52.2) | 332 (50.6) | 1277 (51.6) | 1020 (49.0) | 589 (56.1) | |||
>NTD 800,000 | 618 (47.3) | 777 (47.8) | 324 (49.4) | 1200 (48.4) | 1063 (51.0) | 461 (43.9) | |||
BMI, kg/m2 b | 23.8 (3.3) | 24.2 (3.3) | <0.01 | 24.6 (3.6) | 23.9 (3.3) | <0.01 | 23.9 (3.2) | 24.3 (3.7) | <0.01 |
Body fat, % b | 23.7 (5.4) | 23.9 (5.3) | 0.28 | 24.4 (5.7) | 23.7 (5.3) | <0.01 | 23.6 (5.2) | 24.3 (5.8) | <0.01 |
WH ratio b | 0.8 (0.0) | 0.8 (0.0) | 0.52 | 0.8 (0.0) | 0.8 (0.0) | <0.01 | 0.8 (0.0) | 0.8 (0.0) | 0.47 |
Systolic BP, mmHg b | 118.7 (12.6) | 118.7 (12.9) | 0.91 | 119.3 (13.7) | 118.4 (12.6) | <0.01 | 118.7 (13.0) | 118.4 (12.6) | 0.47 |
Diastolic BP, mmHg b | 72.7 (9.3) | 72.1 (9.8) | 0.16 | 73.1 (10.2) | 72.4 (9.5) | 0.20 | 73.0 (9.8) | 71.6 (9.3) | <0.01 |
FBG, mg/dL b | 98.9 (13.4) | 98.9 (12.2) | 0.95 | 99.6 (12.9) | 98.9 (12.4) | 0.16 | 99.3 (12.6) | 98.4 (12.3) | 0.05 |
FSH, IU/L b | 4.6 (3.9) | 4.9 (7.7) | 0.56 | 5.0 (5.0) | 4.5 (5.6) | 0.26 | 4.6 (3.5) | 4.6 (8.6) | 0.88 |
LH, IU/L b | 3.3 (2.2) | 3.3 (2.6) | 0.95 | 3.5 (2.1) | 3.2 (2.2) | 0.20 | 3.3 (1.9) | 3.4 (2.8) | 0.49 |
TT, ng/mL b | 4.9 (1.6) | 4.9 (1.7) | 0.91 | 5.1 (1.6) | 5.0 (1.8) | 0.45 | 5.0 (1.7) | 5.1 (1.8) | 0.74 |
E2, pg/mL b | 23.7 (9.5) | 25.0 (8.2) | 0.08 | 25.1 (10.2) | 24.4 (8.4) | 0.32 | 24.5 (9.1) | 24.7 (8.5) | 0.77 |
Prolactin, ng/mL b | 13.0 (8.3) | 12.5 (7.4) | 0.20 | 12.6 (6.1) | 12.8 (8.2) | 0.66 | 12.7 (7.9) | 12.8 (7.6) | 0.89 |
SC, M/mL b | 46.9 (26.0) | 46.5 (25.1) | 0.73 | 45.6 (24.7) | 46.9 (25.6) | 0.38 | 47.6 (25.7) | 46.1 (25.2) | 0.19 |
TSM, % b | 67.3 (11.5) | 67.1 (11.6) | 0.77 | 66.5 (11.1) | 67.3 (11.7) | 0.23 | 67.1 (11.6) | 67.2 (11.6) | 0.96 |
PRM, % b | 48.5 (14.9) | 48.2 (14.7) | 0.64 | 48.1 (14.1) | 48.3 (14.9) | 0.73 | 48.2 (14.7) | 48.4 (15.0) | 0.79 |
NSM, % b | 67.0 (13.4) | 67.0 (13.3) | 0.80 | 65.9 (12.7) | 67.2 (13.5) | 0.06 | 67.5 (13.5) | 66.1 (13.0) | 0.01 |
Lifestyle Factors | FSH, IU/L | LH, IU/L | TT, ng/mL | E2, pg/mL | Prolactin, ng/mL | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β (95% CI) | p | β (95% CI) | p | β (95% CI) | p | β (95% CI) | p | β (95% CI) | p | |
Smoking (ref: nonsmoker) | ||||||||||
Smoker | 1.25 (0.04, 2.47) | 0.04 | 0.67 (0.19, 1.15) | 0.006 | 0.36 (0.13, 0.59) | 0.002 | −0.35 (−1.87, 1.17) | 0.65 | −5.26 (−10.66, 0.15) | 0.06 |
Alcohol drinking (ref: nondrinker) | ||||||||||
Drinker | −0.56 (−1.91, 0.79) | 0.42 | −0.34 (−0.87, 0.20) | 0.22 | 0.46 (0.21, 0.71) | <0.001 | 1.32 (−0.37, 3.02) | 0.12 | 5.34 (−0.87, 11.56) | 0.09 |
Physical activity type (ref: moderate/intensive) | ||||||||||
No/light | −0.08 (−1.25, 1.08) | 0.89 | −0.19 (−0.65, 0.26) | 0.41 | −0.41 (−0.62, −0.19) | <0.001 | 0.86 (−0.59, 2.32) | 0.25 | 2.89 (−2.59, 8.38) | 0.29 |
Sleeping type (ref: well) | ||||||||||
Insomnia | −0.39 (−1.54, 0.75) | 0.50 | −0.12 (−0.57, 0.33) | 0.59 | −0.23 (−0.44, −0.01) | 0.038 | −1.67 (−3.11, −0.24) | 0.02 | −2.38 (−7.70, 2.95) | 0.37 |
Sleeping time (ref: enough) | ||||||||||
Not enough | 0.54 (−0.80, 1.87) | 0.43 | 0.21 (−0.32, 0.73) | 0.44 | 0.10 (−0.15, 0.35) | 0.45 | 0.08 (−1.59, 1.75) | 0.92 | 3.17 (−3.17, 9.51) | 0.31 |
Western dietary pattern (ref: low/moderate) | ||||||||||
High | 0.50 (−0.73, 1.72) | 0.42 | −0.11 (−0.59, 0.38) | 0.67 | −0.02 (−0.25, 0.22) | 0.88 | −0.51 (−2.05, 1.03) | 0.51 | 2.87 (−2.53, 8.28) | 0.29 |
Lifestyle Factors | SC, M/mL | TSM, % | PRM, % | NSM, % | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β (95% CI) | p | β (95% CI) | p | β (95% CI) | p | β (95% CI) | p | |
Smoking (ref: nonsmoker) | ||||||||
Smoker | −0.65 (−3.14, 1.83) | 0.61 | 0.76 (−0.36, 1.87) | 0.18 | 1.12 (−0.31, 2.56) | 0.13 | −1.04 (−2.33, 0.25) | 0.11 |
Alcohol drinking (ref: nondrinker) | ||||||||
Drinker | 1.87 (−1.22, 4.96) | 0.23 | 0.44 (−0.94, 1.83) | 0.53 | −0.15 (−1.93, 1.64) | 0.87 | −0.74 (−2.34, 0.86) | 0.36 |
Physical activity type (ref: moderate/intensive) | ||||||||
No/light | 0.64 (−1.64, 2.93) | 0.58 | 0.02 (−1.01, 1.04) | 0.97 | −0.32 (−1.64, 1.00) | 0.64 | −0.84 (−2.02, 0.34) | 0.16 |
Sleeping type (ref: well) | ||||||||
Insomnia | 0.28 (−1.99, 2.55) | 0.81 | 0.18 (−0.84, 1.20) | 0.73 | 0.45 (−0.87, 1.76) | 0.51 | −0.17 (−1.34, 1.01) | 0.78 |
Sleeping time (ref: enough) | ||||||||
Not enough | −1.22 (−4.13, 1.68) | 0.41 | −0.96 (−2.27, 0.35) | 0.15 | −0.69 (−2.37, 0.99) | 0.42 | −1.17 (−2.67, 0.34) | 0.13 |
Western dietary pattern (ref: low/moderate) | ||||||||
High | 1.74 (−0.60, 4.08) | 0.14 | −0.35 (−1.41, 0.70) | 0.51 | −0.31 (−1.66, 1.04) | 0.65 | −1.40 (−2.61, −0.19) | 0.023 |
Lifestyle Factors | FSH, IU/L | LH, IU/L | TT, ng/mL | E2, pg/mL | Prolactin, ng/ml | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β (95% CI) | p | β (95% CI) | p | β (95% CI) | p | β (95% CI) | p | β (95% CI) | p | |
Smoking by drinking | ||||||||||
Nonsmoker | ||||||||||
Nondrinker | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||
Drinker | −0.32 (−2.49, 1.84) | 0.76 | −0.09 (−0.94, 0.77) | 0.82 | 0.53 (0.16, 0.90) | 0.005 | 1.64 (−1.08, 4.36) | 0.23 | −0.44 (−1.97, 1.09) | 0.57 |
Smoker | ||||||||||
Nondrinker | 1.35 (−0.06, 2.76) | 0.06 | 0.78 (0.22, 1.33) | 0.006 | 0.40 (0.13, 0.67) | 0.004 | −0.22 (−1.98, 1.54) | 0.88 | −0.60 (−1.47, 0.28) | 0.18 |
Drinker | 0.65 (−0.92, 2.22) | 0.37 | 0.28 (−0.33, 0.90) | 0.37 | 0.81 (0.51, 1.10) | <0.001 | 0.91 (−1.06, 2.89) | 0.47 | −0.12 (−1.34, 1.10) | 0.85 |
Smoking by physical activity type | ||||||||||
Nonsmoker | ||||||||||
Moderate/intensive | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||
No/light | 0.48 (−1.02, 1.99) | 0.53 | 0.01 (−0.59, 0.61) | 0.97 | −0.43 (−0.70, −0.16) | 0.002 | 0.60 (−1.30, 2.51) | 0.53 | −0.21 (−1.11, 0.69) | 0.65 |
Smoker | ||||||||||
Moderate/intensive | 2.07 (0.22, 3.91) | 0.029 | 0.91 (0.19, 1.63) | 0.013 | 0.31 (−0.03, 0.65) | 0.71 | −0.71 (−3.02, 1.60) | 0.55 | −0.89 (−2.07, 0.30) | 0.14 |
No/light | 1.18 (−0.46, 2.82) | 0.16 | 0.44 (−0.21, 1.08) | 0.18 | −0.06 (−0.36, 0.24) | 0.07 | 0.52 (−1.55, 2.58) | 0.62 | −0.31 (−1.36, 0.75) | 0.57 |
Smoking by sleeping type | ||||||||||
Nonsmoker | ||||||||||
Well | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||
Insomnia | 0.33 (−1.18, 1.84) | 0.67 | −0.01 (−0.61, 0.59) | 0.96 | −0.16 (−0.44, 0.11) | 0.21 | −1.06 (−2.96, 0.83) | 0.28 | 0.84 (−0.07, 1.75) | 0.07 |
Smoker | ||||||||||
Well | 2.16 (0.43, 3.88) | 0.015 | 0.81 (0.13, 1.49) | 0.02 | 0.44 (0.13, 0.76) | 0.006 | 0.41 (−1.76, 2.58) | 0.59 | 0.01 (−1.01, 1.04) | 0.98 |
Insomnia | 0.8 (−0.80, 2.45) | 0.30 | 0.54 (−0.10, 1.18) | 0.12 | 0.12 (−0.19, 0.43) | 0.51 | −2.06 (−4.09, −0.02) | 0.048 | −0.19 (−1.31, 0.93) | 0.74 |
Smoking by sleeping time | ||||||||||
Nonsmoker | ||||||||||
Enough | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||
Not enough | 0.70 (−1.13, 2.53) | 0.46 | 0.18 (−0.54, 0.90) | 0.63 | 0.24 (−0.10, 0.58) | 0.07 | −0.35 (−2.64, 1.95) | 0.79 | −0.67 (−1.86, 0.53) | 0.27 |
Smoker | ||||||||||
Enough | 1.34 (−0.04, 2.72) | 0.06 | 0.66 (0.11, 1.20) | 0.018 | 0.44 (0.18, 0.70) | 0.001 | −0.58 (−2.31, 1.15) | 0.56 | −0.52 (−1.40, 0.36) | 0.25 |
Not enough | 1.69 (−0.22, 3.61) | 0.07 | 0.89 (0.14, 1.64) | 0.02 | 0.36 (−0.00, 0.73) | 0.055 | −0.03 (−2.41, 2.36) | 0.89 | −0.74 (−2.14, 0.65) | 0.30 |
Smoking by Western dietary pattern | ||||||||||
Nonsmoker | ||||||||||
Low/moderate | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||
High | −0.16 (−1.76, 1.44) | 0.86 | −0.13 (−0.76, 0.50) | 0.78 | −0.07 (−0.37, 0.24) | 0.68 | 0.56 (−1.45, 2.58) | 0.50 | 0.28 (−0.67, 1.22) | 0.56 |
Smoker | ||||||||||
Low/moderate | 0.57 (−0.84, 1.98) | 0.43 | 0.58 (0.03, 1.13) | 0.04 | 0.32 (0.05, 0.60) | 0.02 | 0.61 (−1.27, 2.48) | 0.62 | −0.28 (−1.29, 0.72) | 0.58 |
High | 2.37 (0.64, 4.10) | 0.007 | 0.77 (0.08, 1.45) | 0.028 | 0.38 (0.04, 0.71) | 0.03 | −1.30 (−3.44, 0.84) | 0.23 | −0.40 (−1.52, 0.71) | 0.48 |
Drinking by physical activity type | ||||||||||
Nondrinker | ||||||||||
Moderate/intensive | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||
No/light | −0.14 (−1.49, 1.20) | 0.84 | −0.29 (−0.82, 0.24) | 0.28 | −0.47 (−0.72, −0.22) | <0.001 | 1.24 (−0.45, 2.93) | 0.15 | −0.16 (−0.97, 0.64) | 0.69 |
Drinker | ||||||||||
Moderate/intensive | −0.65 (−2.80, 1.50) | 0.55 | −0.55 (−1.39, 0.30) | 0.21 | 0.31 (−0.07, 0.69) | 0.11 | 2.08 (−0.63, 4.78) | 0.13 | −0.60 (−2.01, 0.81) | 0.40 |
No/light | −0.56 (−2.34, 1.22) | 0.54 | 0.46 (−1.15, 0.24) | 0.20 | 0.09 (−0.24, 0.42) | 0.59 | 1.85 (−0.38, 4.08) | 0.10 | 0.57 (−0.85, 1.99) | 0.43 |
Drinking by sleeping type | ||||||||||
Nondrinker | ||||||||||
Well | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||
Insomnia | −0.52 (−1.85, 0.80) | 0.45 | −0.23 (−0.75, 0.29) | 0.39 | −0.26 (−0.51, −0.01) | 0.043 | −1.64 (−3.30, 0.03) | 0.05 | 0.72 (−0.08, 1.52) | 0.08 |
Drinker | ||||||||||
Well | −0.86 (−2.91, 1.19) | 0.42 | −0.58 (−1.39, 0.22) | 0.18 | 0.39 (0.02, 0.76) | 0.037 | 1.40 (−1.17, 3.98) | 0.31 | 0.78 (−0.57, 2.13) | 0.26 |
Insomnia | −0.87 (−2.60, 0.86) | 0.37 | −0.40 (−1.08, 0.28) | 0.28 | 0.25 (−0.06, 0.57) | 0.11 | −0.37 (−2.54, 1.81) | 0.54 | 0.01 (−1.39, 1.41) | 0.99 |
Drinking by sleeping time | ||||||||||
Nondrinker | ||||||||||
Enough | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||
Not enough | 0.64 (−0.96, 2.25) | 0.42 | 0.05 (−0.57, 0.68) | 0.89 | 0.07 (−0.23, 0.37) | 0.44 | 0.70 (−1.30, 2.71) | 0.511 | −0.66 (−1.67, 0.34) | 0.20 |
Drinker | ||||||||||
Enough | −0.46 (−2.01, 1.09) | 0.58 | −0.46 (−1.08, 0.15) | 0.15 | 0.44 (0.15, 0.72) | 0.003 | 1.86 (−0.09, 3.81) | 0.08 | −0.12 (−1.22, 0.99) | 0.83 |
Not enough | −0.17 (−2.40, 2.06) | 0.96 | 0.08 (−0.80, 0.96) | 0.80 | 0.60 (0.18, 1.02) | 0.005 | 0.54 (−2.26, 3.34) | 0.86 | 0.28 (−1.80, 2.36) | 0.79 |
Drinking by Western dietary pattern | ||||||||||
Nondrinker | ||||||||||
Low/moderate | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||
High | 0.87 (−0.55, 2.30) | 0.15 | −0.07 (−0.63, 0.49) | 0.61 | −0.02 (−0.29, 0.25) | 0.75 | −1.07 (−2.85, 0.71) | 0.44 | 0.09 (−0.74, 0.92) | 0.83 |
Drinker | ||||||||||
Low/moderate | −0.07 (−1.75, 1.61) | 0.83 | −0.28 (−0.94, 0.38) | 0.34 | 0.46 (0.16, 0.76) | 0.003 | 0.58 (−1.52, 2.69) | 0.39 | −0.01 (−1.32, 1.29) | 0.98 |
High | −0.56 (−2.55, 1.44) | 0.84 | −0.48 (−1.27, 0.30) | 0.68 | 0.45 (0.06, 0.83) | 0.02 | 1.55 (−0.95, 4.05) | 0.42 | 0.29 (−1.17, 1.76) | 0.69 |
Physical activity type by sleeping type | ||||||||||
Moderate/intensive | ||||||||||
Well | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||
Insomnia | −1.30 (−3.09, 0.49) | 0.15 | −0.21 (−0.92, 0.49) | 0.55 | −0.25 (−0.58, 0.07) | 0.12 | −0.42 (−2.67, 1.82) | 0.71 | 1.10 (0.01, 2.19) | 0.047 |
No/light | ||||||||||
Well | −0.86 (−2.50, 0.77) | 0.30 | −0.27 (−0.92, 0.37) | 0.41 | −0.42 (−0.72, −0.13) | 0.005 | 2.01 (−0.04, 4.07) | 0.055 | 0.55 (−0.41, 1.51) | 0.26 |
Insomnia | −0.63 (−2.26, 1.00) | 0.45 | −0.33 (−0.98, 0.31) | 0.31 | −0.64 (−0.94, −0.34) | <0.001 | −0.65 (−2.70, 1.39) | 0.53 | 0.49 (−0.56, 1.54) | 0.36 |
Physical activity type by sleeping time | ||||||||||
Moderate/intensive | ||||||||||
Enough | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||
Not enough | −0.95 (−3.13, 1.24) | 0.40 | −0.64 (−1.48, 0.21) | 0.14 | 0.31 (−0.08, 0.70) | 0.12 | 0.31 (−2.41, 3.04) | 0.82 | −0.57 (−2.02, 0.87) | 0.43 |
No/light | ||||||||||
Enough | −0.61 (−1.91, 0.70) | 0.36 | −0.49 (−1.01, 0.02) | 0.06 | −0.34 (−0.58, −0.10) | 0.005 | 0.98 (−0.67, 2.63) | 0.25 | 0.03 (−0.78, 0.84) | 0.94 |
Not enough | 0.82 (−0.96, 2.60) | 0.37 | 0.20 (−0.50, 0.90) | 0.58 | −0.33 (−0.67, 0.00) | 0.054 | 0.80 (−1.45, 3.05) | 0.49 | −0.39 (−1.62, 0.83) | 0.53 |
Physical activity type by Western dietary pattern | ||||||||||
Moderate/intensive | ||||||||||
Low/moderate | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||
High | 1.50 (−0.44, 3.43) | 0.13 | 0.28 (−0.48, 1.04) | 0.47 | −0.08 (−0.44, 0.28) | 0.65 | −0.49 (−2.92, 1.95) | 0.69 | 0.12 (−1.00, 1.23) | 0.83 |
No/light | ||||||||||
Low/moderate | 0.30 (−1.06, 1.66) | 0.67 | −0.12 (−0.66, 0.42) | 0.66 | −0.45 (−0.69, −0.20) | <0.001 | 0.84 (−0.88, 2.55) | 0.34 | 0.05 (−0.87, 0.98) | 0.91 |
High | 0.57 (−1.24, 2.37) | 0.54 | −0.08 (−0.79, 0.63) | 0.82 | −0.37 (−0.72, −0.02) | 0.037 | 0.39 (−1.88, 2.66) | 0.73 | 0.19 (−0.86, 1.24) | 0.72 |
Sleeping type by Western dietary pattern | ||||||||||
Well | ||||||||||
Low/moderate | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||
High | 2.08 (0.25, 3.92) | 0.026 | 0.65 (−0.08, 1.37) | 0.08 | −0.13 (−0.45, 0.19) | 0.87 | 0.61 (−1.71, 2.93) | 0.60 | 0.25 (−0.73, 1.23) | 0.62 |
Insomnia | ||||||||||
Low/moderate | 0.32 (−1.08, 1.73) | 0.62 | 0.12 (−0.43, 0.67) | 0.58 | −0.30 (−0.56, −0.04) | 0.02 | −1.47 (−3.24, 0.30) | 0.15 | 0.57 (−0.35, 1.50) | 0.23 |
High | −0.16 (−1.88, 1.57) | 0.97 | −0.32 (−1.00, 0.35) | 0.66 | −0.20 (−0.53, 0.13) | 0.22 | −2.28 (−4.46, −0.11) | 0.04 | 0.53 (−0.56, 1.62) | 0.34 |
Lifestyle Factors | SC, M/mL | TSM, % | PRM, % | NSM, % | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β (95% CI) | p | β (95% CI) | p | β (95% CI) | p | β (95% CI) | p | |
Smoking by drinking | ||||||||
Nonsmoker | ||||||||
Nondrinker | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
Drinker | 0.50 (−4.16, 5.16) | 0.83 | 1.00 (−1.10, 3.10) | 0.35 | 0.68 (−2.02, 3.37) | 0.62 | −0.04 (−2.45, 2.38) | 0.98 |
Smoker | ||||||||
Not drinker | −1.11 (−3.87, 1.63) | 0.43 | 0.94 (−0.29, 2.18) | 0.13 | 1.40 (−0.19, 2.99) | 0.08 | −0.80 (−2.22, 0.62) | 0.27 |
Drinker | 1.80 (−1.93, 5.54) | 0.34 | 0.96 (−0.72, 2.64) | 0.26 | 0.62 (−1.54, 2.78) | 0.57 | −2.08 (−4.02, −0.15) | 0.035 |
Smoking by physical activity type | ||||||||
Nonsmoker | ||||||||
Moderate/intensive | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
No/light | 0.40 (−2.40, 3.20) | 0.78 | −0.14 (−1.40, 1.12) | 0.82 | −0.17 (−1.79, 1.45) | 0.84 | −1.25 (−2.70, 0.20) | 0.09 |
Smoker | ||||||||
Moderate/intensive | −1.06 (−4.73, 2.62) | 0.57 | 0.49 (−1.16, 2.14) | 0.56 | 1.37 (−0.75, 3.49) | 0.21 | −1.73 (−3.63, 0.18) | 0.07 |
No/light | 0.06 (−3.21, 3.32) | 0.97 | 0.81 (−0.65, 2.28) | 0.28 | 0.76 (−1.12, 2.65) | 0.43 | −1.77 (−3.46, −0.08) | 0.04 |
Smoking by Western dietary pattern | ||||||||
Nonsmoker | ||||||||
Low/moderate | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
High | −3.48 (−6.41, −0.54) | 0.02 | 0.02 (−1.30, 1.34) | 0.98 | 0.26 (−1.44, 1.96) | 0.76 | −1.49 (−3.01, 0.03) | 0.055 |
Smoker | ||||||||
Low/moderate | −2.38 (−5.91, 1.14) | 0.49 | 1.18 (−0.23, 2.59) | 0.10 | 1.76 (−0.06, 3.57) | 0.058 | 1.04 (−2.67, 0.58) | 0.21 |
High | −3.59 (−7.40, 0.22) | 0.95 | 0.19 (−1.37, 1.76) | 0.81 | 0.48 (−1.54, 2.49) | 0.64 | −2.29 (−4.09, −0.48) | 0.013 |
Drinking by Western dietary pattern | ||||||||
Nondrinker | ||||||||
Low/moderate | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
High | 1.24 (−1.34, 3.82) | 0.35 | −0.58 (−1.74, 0.58) | 0.33 | −1.12 (−2.61, 0.37) | 0.14 | −1.70 (−3.04, −0.37) | 0.013 |
Drinker | ||||||||
Low/moderate | 0.64 (−3.33, 4.61) | 0.75 | −0.05 (−1.83, 1.74) | 0.96 | −1.98 (−4.27, 0.32) | 0.09 | −1.37 (−3.42, 0.69) | 0.19 |
High | 4.63 (0.14, 9.12) | 0.043 | 0.59 (−1.43, 2.61) | 0.57 | 1.31 (−1.28, 3.90) | 0.32 | −1.42 (−3.74, 0.90) | 0.23 |
Physical activity type by Western dietary pattern | ||||||||
Moderate/intensive | ||||||||
Low/moderate | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
High | 2.24 (−1.20, 5.68) | 0.20 | −0.02 (−1.57, 1.52) | 0.98 | 0.16 (−1.84, 2.14) | 0.88 | −2.32 (−4.10, −0.54) | 0.011 |
No/light | ||||||||
Low/moderate | 0.96 (−1.91, 3.83) | 0.51 | 0.25 (−1.04, 1.54) | 0.70 | 0.01 (−1.65, 1.67) | 0.99 | −1.45 (−2.94, 0.03) | 0.055 |
High | 2.28 (−0.98, 5.55) | 0.17 | −0.38 (−1.85, 1.09) | 0.61 | −0.69 (−2.58, 1.19) | 0.47 | −2.08 (−3.77, −0.39) | 0.016 |
Sleeping type by Western dietary pattern | ||||||||
Well | ||||||||
Low/moderate | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
High | 2.14 (−0.92, 5.20) | 0.17 | −0.25 (−1.62, 1.13) | 0.73 | −0.05 (−1.82, 1.72) | 0.96 | −1.67 (−3.25, −0.09) | 0.039 |
Insomnia | ||||||||
Low/moderate | 0.62 (2.26, 3.50) | 0.67 | 0.28 (−1.02, 1.58) | 0.67 | 0.68 (−0.98, 2.35) | 0.42 | −0.40 (−1.89, 1.09) | 0.60 |
High | 1.82 (−1.56, 5.19) | 0.29 | −0.23 (−1.74, 1.29) | 0.77 | 0.01 (−1.94, 1.97) | 0.99 | −1.42 (−3.17, 0.32) | 0.11 |
Sleeping time by Western dietary pattern | ||||||||
Enough | ||||||||
Low/moderate | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
High | 1.16 (−1.44, 3.76) | 0.38 | −0.08 (−1.24, 1.09) | 0.90 | 0.12 (−1.38, 1.63) | 0.87 | −1.32 (−2.67, 0.02) | 0.054 |
Not enough | ||||||||
Low/moderate | −2.63 (−6.47, 1.21) | 0.18 | −0.32 (−2.05, 1.41) | 0.72 | 0.29 (−1.93, 2.51) | 0.80 | −0.90 (−2.89, 1.09) | 0.37 |
High | 1.51 (−2.72, 5.74) | 0.48 | −1.83 (−3.73, 0.08) | 0.06 | −1.81 (−4.26, 0.63) | 0.15 | −2.61 (−4.80, −0.42) | 0.02 |
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Share and Cite
Kurniawan, A.L.; Hsu, C.-Y.; Chao, J.C.-J.; Lin, L.-Y.; Paramastri, R.; Lee, H.-A.; Hsieh, N.-C.; Wu, S.-F.V. Interactive Effects of Unhealthy Lifestyle Behaviors on Testicular Function among Healthy Adult Men: A Cross-Sectional Study in Taiwan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 4925. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094925
Kurniawan AL, Hsu C-Y, Chao JC-J, Lin L-Y, Paramastri R, Lee H-A, Hsieh N-C, Wu S-FV. Interactive Effects of Unhealthy Lifestyle Behaviors on Testicular Function among Healthy Adult Men: A Cross-Sectional Study in Taiwan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(9):4925. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094925
Chicago/Turabian StyleKurniawan, Adi Lukas, Chien-Yeh Hsu, Jane C.-J. Chao, Li-Yin Lin, Rathi Paramastri, Hsiu-An Lee, Nan-Chen Hsieh, and Shu-Fang Vivienne Wu. 2021. "Interactive Effects of Unhealthy Lifestyle Behaviors on Testicular Function among Healthy Adult Men: A Cross-Sectional Study in Taiwan" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 9: 4925. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094925