Facial and Oral Manifestations Following COVID-19 Vaccination: A Survey-Based Study and a First Perspective
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Population
- -
- medical working staff (nurses, medical doctors, dentists);
- -
- have access to COVID-19 vaccines;
- -
- has been vaccinated with at least one dose.
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Data
3.2. Correlations
3.3. Probability of Occurrence of Oral Symptoms
3.4. Probability of Occurrence of Facial Symptoms
3.5. Probability of Taking an Absence Day
3.6. Duration of Symptoms
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Questionnaire Part A: Characteristics of Respondents | ||
---|---|---|
Q1: Country | Italy Poland France Germany Switzerland Albania Denmark Norway United Kingdom Spain Other | 71 (31.9%) 121 (54.3%) 28 (12.6%) 1 (0.4%) 1 (0.4%) 1 (0.4%) |
Q2: City | ……. | |
Q3: Gender | Female Male | 166 (74.4%) 57 (25.6%) |
Q4: Age | 20–29 30–39 40–49 50–59 60–69 70–79 | 53 (23.8%) 47 (21.5%) 41 (17.9%) 47 (21.1%) 33 (14.8%) 2 (0.9%) |
Q5: Profession | Student Medical Doctor Dentist Nurse Other | 13 (5.9%) 35 (15.3%) 69 (30.5%) 76 (34.7%) 30 (10.9%) |
Questionnaire Part D—Underlying medical conditions and lifestyle factors | ||
Q22: Are you a smoker? | Yes No | 30 (13.5%) 193 (76.7%) |
Q23: Are you an allergic subject? | Yes No | 53 (23.8%) 170 (76.2%) |
Q24: What are you allergic to? | ……. | |
Q25: Do you have any general diseases? | Yes No | 47 (21.1%) 176 (78.9%) |
Q26: Please list if any general diseases you have. | ……. | |
Q27: Do you have any autoimmune disease? | Yes No | 18 (7.6%) 205 (92.4%) |
Q28: Do you have diabetes type 1? | Yes No | 8 (3.6%) 215 (96.4%) |
Q29: How would you describe your diet? | Omnivorous Vegetarian Flexitarian Vegan | 210 (94.2%) 11 (5) 2 (0.8%) |
Q30: Do you have rapid mood swings? | Yes No | 43 (19.3%) 180 (80.7%) |
Q31: Do you take any regular medication? | Yes No | 75 (33.6%) 148 (66.4%) |
Q32: If you do take any regular medication, please list it here. | ……. |
Questionnaire Part B: COVID-19 Vaccine, Number of Doses, Date of Inoculation, Premedication, General Symptoms. | |||
---|---|---|---|
First or single dose | Second dose | ||
Q6: Vaccine dose | First one Second one Single dose vaccine | 41 (18.4%) | 182 (81.6%) |
Q7: Type / name of COVID-19 vaccine | Pfizer/BioNTech Moderna Astrazeneca Sputnik Other | 35 (15.7%) 1 (0.4%) 5 (2.3%) | 182 (81.6%) |
Q8: Vaccination date (first dose) | ……. | ……. | ……. |
Q9: Vaccination date (second dose) | ……. | ……. | ……. |
Q10: Vaccination date (single dose) | ……. | ……. | ……. |
Q11: In anticipation of the vaccine, did you take any medicine? | No Antipyretics Analgesics Anti-inflammatory | 203 (91.1%) 7 (3.1%) 9 (4%) 4 (1.8%) | 114 (62.6%) 35 (19.2%) 21 (11.5%) 12 (6.7%) |
Q12: If you took any medicine in anticipation of the vaccine, can you describe the medication and the total dose. | ……. | ……. | ……. |
Q13: What was the time between inoculation and onset of general symptoms? | No symptoms 1 h 2 h 3 h 6 h 12 h 24 h | 103 (45.9%) 11 (4.6%) 10 (4.6%) 14 (6.2%) 33 (15%) 34 (15.5%) 18 (8.2%) | 49 (13.9%) 8 (4.7%) 2 (1.2%) 18 (10.5%) 32 (18.6%) 50 (29%) 23 (22.1%) |
Q14: Did your symptoms include fever? | No Yes, from 36.6 to 37.4 degree C Yes, from 37.5 to 38.0 degree C Yes, from 38.1 to 39.0 degree C | 185 (82.8%) 25 (11.2%) 8 (3.7%) 5 (2.3%) | 101 (54.7%) 47 (26.3%) 22 (12.3%) 12 (6.7%) |
Q15: How long were the general symptoms present? | No symptoms 1 day 2 days 3 days 4 days 1 week | 137 (61.5%) 43 (19.3%) 23 (10.3%) 11 (4.9%) 6 (1.7%) 3 (1.3%) | 50 (27.5%) 62 (34.1%) 48 (26.4%) 18 (9.9%) 1 (0.5%) 3 (1.6%) |
Q16: Did you experience loss of concentration? | Yes No | 26 (11.6%) 197 (88.4%) | 57 (32.4%) 125 (67.6%) |
Q17: Did you need to take an absence day? | Yes No | 8 (3.6%) 215 (93.3%) | 53 (23.7%) 129(57.4%) |
Questionnaire Part C—Facial and Oral Manifestations | |||
Q18: Facial symptoms (changes in sensitivity, facial paresis, facial aesthetic paralysis) | Yes No | 6 (2.7%) 217 (97.3%) | 8 (4.2%) 174 (95.8%) |
Q19: Oral symptoms | Yes No | 7 (3.1%) 216 (95.5%) | 9 (4%) 173 (76.6%) |
Q20: Oral manifestations | No oral manifestations Burning sensation Oral aphthous-like lesions Taste alteration Xerostomia Tongue depapillation Pain Stomatitis/mucositis Commissural cheilitis Oral candidiasis | 216 (97%) 3 (1.3%) 3 (1.3%) 1 (0.4%) | 161 (88.7%) 5 (2.7%) 1 (0.5%) 4 (2.2%) 5 (2.7%) 1 (0.5%) 5 (2.7%) |
Q21: If you experienced other oral manifestations, please list them below. | ……. | ……. | ……. |
Variable | Yes | No | No Answer |
---|---|---|---|
Oral symptoms (dose 1) | 7 | 213 | 3 |
Oral symptoms (dose 2) | 9 | 171 | 2 |
Absence day (dose 1) | 8 | 208 | 7 |
Absence day (dose 2) | 53 | 128 | 1 |
Diabetes | 8 | 215 | – |
Smoker | 30 | 171 | 22 |
Allergic | 53 | 170 | – |
Regular medication | 75 | 148 | – |
General diseases | 47 | 176 | – |
Symptoms-Related Characteristic | Age | Gender |
---|---|---|
Time between inoculation and general symptoms onset (first dose) | 0.135 (0.064) | 0.204 (0.005) |
Time between inoculation and general symptoms onset (second dose) | 0.223 (0.003) | 0.232 (0.002) |
Fever (first dose) | –0.079 (0.285) | –0.109 (0.138) |
Fever (second dose) | –0.298 (<0.001) | –0.047 (0.537) |
Symptoms Duration (first dose) | –0.152 (0.035) | –0.215 (0.003) |
Symptoms Duration (second dose) | –0.207 (0.006) | –0.128 (0.094) |
Concentration Loss (first dose) | –0.108 (0.114) | –0.021 (0.763) |
Concentration Loss (second dose) | –0.333 (<0.001) | –0.001 (0.994) |
Absence Day (first dose) | –0.077 (0.258) | –0.116 (0.089) |
Absence Day (second dose) | –0.129 (0.083) | –0.099 (0.185) |
Facial Symptoms (first dose) | –0.010 (0.896) | –0.028 (0.709) |
Facial Symptoms (second dose) | –0.148 (0.079) | 0.017 (0.838) |
Oral Symptoms (first dose) | 0.059 (0.386) | –0.107 (0.113) |
Oral Symptoms (second dose) | –0.175 (0.019) | –0.028 (0.705) |
Oral Symptoms, Second Dose | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Estimate | Std. Error | z–Value | p-Value |
(Intercept) | –0.111 | 1.181 | –0.094 | 0.925 |
Age | –0.097 | 0.038 | –2.573 | 0.010 |
General disease | 2.090 | 0.783 | 2.669 | 0.007 |
Model characteristics | AIC: 64.31 McFadden’s R2 = 0.184 |
Facial Symptoms, First Dose | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Estimate | Std. Error | z-Value | p-Value |
(Intercept) | –3.839 | 0.682 | –5.631 | <0.001 |
Smoker | 1.424 | 0.979 | 1.455 | 0.146 |
RegularMedication | –2.014 | 1.401 | –1.437 | 0.151 |
GeneralDiseases | 2.021 | 1.167 | 1.733 | 0.083 |
Model characteristics | AIC: 47.154 McFadden’s R2 = 0.142 |
Facial Symptoms, Second Dose | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Estimate | Std. Error | z–Value | p-Value |
(Intercept) | –0.363 | 1.539 | –0.236 | 0.814 |
Age | –0.091 | 0.048 | –1.894 | 0.059 |
Autoimmune Pathologies | 1.577 | 0.507 | 3.112 | 0.002 |
Model characteristics | AIC: 42.165 McFadden’s R2 = 0.273 |
Taking an Absence Day, Second Dose | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Estimate | Std. Error | z-Value | p-Value |
(Intercept) | –0.586 | 0.227 | –2.584 | 0.010 |
Gender—male | –0.676 | 0.408 | –1.655 | 0.098 |
Smoker | 1.135 | 0.469 | 2.417 | 0.016 |
Regular medication | –1.048 | 0.404 | –2.597 | 0.009 |
Model characteristics | AIC: 211.52 McFadden’s R2 = 0.070 |
Duration of Symptoms, First Dose | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Estimate | Std. Error | t-Value | p-Value |
(Intercept) | 1.4201 | 0.1413 | 10.048 | <0.001 |
Gender—male | –0.618 | 0.237 | –2.602 | 0.010 |
Regular medication | –0.627 | 0.222 | –2.820 | 0.005 |
Model characteristics | R2 = 0.076 F[2189] = 7.75; p < 0.001 |
Duration of Symptoms, First Dose | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Estimate | Std. Error | t-Value | p-Value |
(Intercept) | 1.982 | 0.283 | 7.013 | <0.001 |
Gender—male | –0.332 | 0.200 | –1.664 | 0.098 |
Age | –0.0166 | 0.0065 | –2.552 | 0.012 |
Smoker | 0.509 | 0.267 | 1.909 | 0.058 |
General disease | 0.405 | 0.234 | 1.729 | 0.086 |
Model characteristics | R2 = 0.076 F[4169] = 3.464; p = 0.009 |
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Mazur, M.; Duś-Ilnicka, I.; Jedliński, M.; Ndokaj, A.; Janiszewska-Olszowska, J.; Ardan, R.; Radwan-Oczko, M.; Guerra, F.; Luzzi, V.; Vozza, I.; et al. Facial and Oral Manifestations Following COVID-19 Vaccination: A Survey-Based Study and a First Perspective. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 4965. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094965
Mazur M, Duś-Ilnicka I, Jedliński M, Ndokaj A, Janiszewska-Olszowska J, Ardan R, Radwan-Oczko M, Guerra F, Luzzi V, Vozza I, et al. Facial and Oral Manifestations Following COVID-19 Vaccination: A Survey-Based Study and a First Perspective. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(9):4965. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094965
Chicago/Turabian StyleMazur, Marta, Irena Duś-Ilnicka, Maciej Jedliński, Artnora Ndokaj, Joanna Janiszewska-Olszowska, Roman Ardan, Malgorzata Radwan-Oczko, Fabrizio Guerra, Valeria Luzzi, Iole Vozza, and et al. 2021. "Facial and Oral Manifestations Following COVID-19 Vaccination: A Survey-Based Study and a First Perspective" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 9: 4965. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094965
APA StyleMazur, M., Duś-Ilnicka, I., Jedliński, M., Ndokaj, A., Janiszewska-Olszowska, J., Ardan, R., Radwan-Oczko, M., Guerra, F., Luzzi, V., Vozza, I., Marasca, R., Ottolenghi, L., & Polimeni, A. (2021). Facial and Oral Manifestations Following COVID-19 Vaccination: A Survey-Based Study and a First Perspective. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(9), 4965. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094965