The Association between Greenness and Urbanization Level with Weight Status among Adolescents: New Evidence from the HBSC 2018 Italian Survey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Measurements
2.2.1. Individual-Level Data
2.2.2. Environmental-Level Data
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Strengths and Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | 11 Years Old n = 1000 | 13 Years Old n = 1065 | Total n = 2065 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Male | n (%) | 522 (52.2%) | 560 (51.6%) | 1082 (52.4%) |
SES n (%) | Low | 245 (24.9%) | 252 (24.1%) | 497 (24.5%) |
Medium | 484 (49.2%) | 495 (47.2%) | 979 (48.2%) | |
High | 254 (25.9%) | 301 (28.7%) | 555 (27.3%) | |
OwO n (%) | Male | 88 (16.8%) | 101 (18.1%) | 189 (19.8%) |
Female | 52 (10.9%) | 45 (8.9%) | 97 (11.3%) | |
Total | 140 (16.4%) | 146 (15.3%) | 286 (15.8%) | |
MVPA (0–7 days/week) mean ± SD | Male | 3.7 ± 2.0 | 3.8 ± 2.0 | 3.7 ± 2.0 |
Female | 3.4 ± 1.9 | 3.1 ± 1.9 | 3.2 ± 1.9 | |
Total | 3.5 ± 1.9 | 3.5 ± 2.0 | 3.5 ± 2.0 | |
Urbanization n (%) | Low | 216 (21.6%) | 263 (24.7%) | 479 (23.2%) |
Medium | 571 (57.1%) | 564 (52.9%) | 1135 (54.9%) | |
High | 213 (21.3%) | 238 (22.4%) | 451 (21.9%) | |
NDVI | mean ± SD | 0.53 ± 0.14 | 0.51 ± 0.15 | 0.52 ± 0.15 |
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Bellisario, V.; Comoretto, R.I.; Berchialla, P.; Koumantakis, E.; Squillacioti, G.; Borraccino, A.; Bono, R.; Lemma, P.; Charrier, L.; Dalmasso, P. The Association between Greenness and Urbanization Level with Weight Status among Adolescents: New Evidence from the HBSC 2018 Italian Survey. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 5897. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19105897
Bellisario V, Comoretto RI, Berchialla P, Koumantakis E, Squillacioti G, Borraccino A, Bono R, Lemma P, Charrier L, Dalmasso P. The Association between Greenness and Urbanization Level with Weight Status among Adolescents: New Evidence from the HBSC 2018 Italian Survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(10):5897. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19105897
Chicago/Turabian StyleBellisario, Valeria, Rosanna Irene Comoretto, Paola Berchialla, Emanuele Koumantakis, Giulia Squillacioti, Alberto Borraccino, Roberto Bono, Patrizia Lemma, Lorena Charrier, and Paola Dalmasso. 2022. "The Association between Greenness and Urbanization Level with Weight Status among Adolescents: New Evidence from the HBSC 2018 Italian Survey" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 10: 5897. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19105897