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Volume 19
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Article

Circulating Trends of Influenza and Other Seasonal Respiratory Viruses among the US Department of Defense Personnel in the United States: Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic

by
Wenping Hu
1,2,*,
Anthony C. Fries
3,
Laurie S. DeMarcus
1,2,
Jeffery W. Thervil
1,2,
Bismark Kwaah
1,2,
Kayla N. Brown
1,2,
Paul A. Sjoberg
1,2 and
Anthony S. Robbins
1
1
The Department of Defense Global Emerging Infections Surveillance Branch, Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA
2
JYG Innovations LLC, Dayton, OH 45414, USA
3
U.S. Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(10), 5942; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19105942
Submission received: 21 February 2022 / Revised: 26 April 2022 / Accepted: 9 May 2022 / Published: 13 May 2022
(This article belongs to the Section Infectious Disease Epidemiology)
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Abstract

The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the circulation of influenza and other seasonal respiratory viruses in the United States. All data were obtained from the US Department of Defense Global Respiratory Pathogen Surveillance Program over five consecutive respiratory seasons from 2016–2017 through to 2020–2021. A total of 62,476 specimens were tested for seasonal respiratory viruses. The circulating patterns of seasonal respiratory viruses have been greatly altered during the pandemic. The 2019–2020 influenza season terminated earlier compared to the pre-pandemic seasons, and the 2020–2021 influenza season did not occur. Moreover, weekly test positivity rates dramatically decreased for most of the seasonal respiratory viruses from the start of the pandemic through spring 2021. After the easing of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), circulations of seasonal coronavirus, parainfluenza, and respiratory syncytial virus have returned since spring 2021. High rhinovirus/enterovirus activity was evident throughout the 2020–2021 respiratory season. The findings suggest a strong association between the remarkably changed activity of seasonal respiratory viruses and the implementation of NPIs during the COVID-19 pandemic. The NPIs may serve as an effective public health tool to reduce transmissions of seasonal respiratory viruses.
Keywords: influenza; respiratory virus; SARS-CoV-2; surveillance; pandemic influenza; respiratory virus; SARS-CoV-2; surveillance; pandemic

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MDPI and ACS Style

Hu, W.; Fries, A.C.; DeMarcus, L.S.; Thervil, J.W.; Kwaah, B.; Brown, K.N.; Sjoberg, P.A.; Robbins, A.S. Circulating Trends of Influenza and Other Seasonal Respiratory Viruses among the US Department of Defense Personnel in the United States: Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 5942. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19105942

AMA Style

Hu W, Fries AC, DeMarcus LS, Thervil JW, Kwaah B, Brown KN, Sjoberg PA, Robbins AS. Circulating Trends of Influenza and Other Seasonal Respiratory Viruses among the US Department of Defense Personnel in the United States: Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(10):5942. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19105942

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hu, Wenping, Anthony C. Fries, Laurie S. DeMarcus, Jeffery W. Thervil, Bismark Kwaah, Kayla N. Brown, Paul A. Sjoberg, and Anthony S. Robbins. 2022. "Circulating Trends of Influenza and Other Seasonal Respiratory Viruses among the US Department of Defense Personnel in the United States: Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 10: 5942. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19105942

APA Style

Hu, W., Fries, A. C., DeMarcus, L. S., Thervil, J. W., Kwaah, B., Brown, K. N., Sjoberg, P. A., & Robbins, A. S. (2022). Circulating Trends of Influenza and Other Seasonal Respiratory Viruses among the US Department of Defense Personnel in the United States: Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(10), 5942. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19105942

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