An Assessment of the Early Symptoms of Energy Deficiency as a Female Athlete Triad Risk among the Polish National Kayaking Team Using LEAF-Q
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Body Composition Analysis
2.3. Questionnaire
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Dependent Variable | Mean | Median | Standard Deviation | U | p | Cohen d | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Problem | Problem | NP | P | NP | P | ||||
Age (years) | 19.14 | 26.00 | 18.00 | 26.00 | 2.56 | 2.24 | 5.00 | 0.001 | 2.72 |
Height (cm) | 174.68 | 175.20 | 175.00 | 175.00 | 3.19 | 1.30 | 61.00 | 0.648 | 0.17 |
Weight (kg) | 68.60 | 66.70 | 67.55 | 65.35 | 5.36 | 3.05 | 55.50 | 0.467 | 0.37 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.49 | 21.73 | 22.34 | 21.20 | 1.53 | 1.13 | 51.00 | 0.340 | 0.51 |
FM (kg) | 15.70 | 14.04 | 14.98 | 13.39 | 3.34 | 1.61 | 50.00 | 0.315 | 0.52 |
FM (%) | 22.69 | 21.00 | 21.92 | 20.48 | 3.06 | 1.50 | 43.00 | 0.175 | 0.58 |
VAT | 0.18 | 0.15 | 0.12 | - | - | ||||
FFM (kg) | 52.91 | 52.66 | 53.39 | 51.96 | 2.63 | 1.71 | 69.00 | 0.960 | 0.10 |
FFM (%) | 77.31 | 79.00 | 78.08 | 79.52 | 3.06 | 1.50 | 43.00 | 0.175 | 0.58 |
MM (kg) | 25.41 | 25.84 | 25.40 | 26.10 | 1.32 | 0.91 | 55.00 | 0.451 | 0.34 |
TBW (%) | 39.40 | 39.62 | 39.60 | 40.10 | 1.44 | 1.22 | 63.50 | 0.744 | 0.16 |
ECW (%) | 16.28 | 16.64 | 16.30 | 16.60 | 0.73 | 0.48 | 49.50 | 0.302 | 0.51 |
ECW/TBW (%) | 41.29 | 42.00 | 41.09 | 42.28 | 1.03 | 0.95 | 40.00 | 0.132 | 0.70 |
Calcium (mmol/L) | 2.33 | 2.36 | 2.34 | 2.36 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 49.50 | 0.302 | 0.48 |
Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire | Frequency (N) | Percent (%) |
---|---|---|
1. Injuries | ||
Absences from your training. or participation in competitions during the last year due to injuries | ||
No, not at all | 23 | 69.70 |
Yes, once or twice | 10 | 30.30 |
Yes, three or four times | 0 | 0 |
Yes, five times or more | 0 | 0 |
Numbers of days absence from training or participation in competition due to injuries | ||
1–7 days | 5 | 50.00 |
8–14 days | 4 | 40.00 |
15–21 days | 0 | 0 |
22 days or more | 1 | 10.00 |
2. Gastro intestinal function | ||
Do you feel gaseous or bloated in the abdomen. Also, when you do not have your period? | ||
Yes, several times a day | 0 | 0 |
Yes, several times a week | 0 | 0 |
Yes, once or twice a week or more seldom | 2 | 6.06 |
Rarely or never | 31 | 93.94 |
Do you get cramps or stomachache which cannot be related to your menstruation? | ||
Yes, several times a day | 0 | 0 |
Yes, several times a week | 0 | 0 |
Yes, once or twice a week or more seldom | 2 | 6.06 |
Rarely or never | 31 | 93.94 |
3. Menstrual function | ||
Do you have normal menstruation? | ||
YES | 28 | 84.85 |
NO | 5 | 15.15 |
When was your last period? | ||
0–4 weeks ago | 28 | 100 |
Are your periods regular? (Every 28th to 34th day) | ||
Yes, most of the time | 28 | 100 |
How many days do you normally bleed? | ||
1–2 days | 3 | 10.71 |
3–4 days | 25 | 89.29 |
Have you ever had problems with heavy menstrual bleeding? | ||
NO | 28 | 100 |
How many periods have you had during the last year? | ||
12 or more | 24 | 85.71 |
9–11 | 4 | 14.29 |
When did you have your last period? | ||
2–3 months ago | 28 | 84.85 |
4–5 months ago | 4 | 12.12 |
6 months ago or more | 1 | 3.03 |
Have your periods ever stopped for 3 consecutive months or longer (besides pregnancy)? | ||
No, never | 28 | 84.85 |
Yes, it has happened before | 3 | 9.09 |
Yes, that’s the situation now | 2 | 6.06 |
Do you experience that your menstruation changes when you increase your exercise intensity, frequency, or duration? | ||
YES | 8 | 24.24 |
NO | 25 | 75.76 |
If yes, how? | ||
I bleed less | 8 | 24.24 |
No changes | 25 | 75.76 |
Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire | Menstruation | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Absences from your training, or participation in competitions during the last year due to injuries | ||||
chi2(1) = 0.26; p = 0.609, CV = 0.09 | No problem | Problem | ||
N | % | N | % | |
No, not at all | 20 | 71.43 | 3 | 60.00 |
Yes, once or twice | 8 | 28.57 | 2 | 40.00 |
Numbers of days absence from training or participation in competition due to injuries | ||||
chi2(2) = 0.31; p = 0.855, CV = 0.17 | ||||
1–7 days | 4 | 50.00 | 1 | 50.00 |
8–14 days | 3 | 37.50 | 1 | 50.00 |
15–21 days | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
22 days or more | 1 | 12.50 | 0 | 0.00 |
Do you feel gaseous or bloated in the abdomen; also, when you do not have your period? | ||||
chi2(1) = 0.38; p = 0.538, CV = 0.11 | ||||
Yes, once or twice a week or more seldom | 2 | 7.14 | 0 | 0.00 |
Rarely or never | 26 | 92.86 | 5 | 100.00 |
Do you get cramps or stomach ache which cannot be related to your menstruation? | ||||
chi2(1) = 0.38; p = 0.538, CV = 0.11 | ||||
Yes, once or twice a week or more seldom | 2 | 7.14 | 0 | 0.00 |
Rarely or never | 26 | 92.86 | 5 | 100.00 |
When did you have your last period? | ||||
chi2(2) = 33.00; p < 0.001, CV = 0.99 | ||||
2–3 months ago | 28 | 100.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
4–5 months ago | 0 | 0.00 | 4 | 80.00 |
6 months ago or more | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 20.00 |
Have your periods ever stopped for 3 consecutive months or longer (besides pregnancy)? | ||||
chi2(2) = 33.00; p < 0.001, CV = 0.99 | ||||
No, never | 28 | 100.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
Yes, it has happened before | 0 | 0.00 | 3 | 60.00 |
Yes, that’s the situation now | 0 | 0.00 | 2 | 40.00 |
Do you experience that your menstruation changes when you increase your exercise intensity, frequency or duration? | ||||
chi2(1) = 18.42; p < 0.001, CV = 0.75 | ||||
Yes (I bleed less) | 3 | 10.71 | 5 | 100.00 |
No | 25 | 89.29 | 0 | 0.00 |
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Witkoś, J.; Błażejewski, G.; Gierach, M. An Assessment of the Early Symptoms of Energy Deficiency as a Female Athlete Triad Risk among the Polish National Kayaking Team Using LEAF-Q. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 5965. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19105965
Witkoś J, Błażejewski G, Gierach M. An Assessment of the Early Symptoms of Energy Deficiency as a Female Athlete Triad Risk among the Polish National Kayaking Team Using LEAF-Q. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(10):5965. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19105965
Chicago/Turabian StyleWitkoś, Joanna, Grzegorz Błażejewski, and Marcin Gierach. 2022. "An Assessment of the Early Symptoms of Energy Deficiency as a Female Athlete Triad Risk among the Polish National Kayaking Team Using LEAF-Q" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 10: 5965. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19105965