1. Introduction
Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is one of the chronic diseases worldwide impacting the general and joint mobility of patients [
1,
2], and women bear about 47% lifetime risk of developing KOA [
3]. It is considered an active disease process, featured by joint destruction driven through both biomechanical and pro-inflammatory factors [
4]. One recent review study stated that there is a relationship between systemic origin of osteoarthritis (OA) and the intestinal microbiota where the pro-inflammatory microbiome profile in OA patients may play a role in the severity of symptoms [
5]. The cartilage changes were visualized via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and they were associated with elevated pain along with the subjective evaluation scores of the femoral-tibial symptoms [
6]. Meanwhile, the diffuse pain in the patella (anteromedial areas) chiefly symbolizes the patellofemoral joint osteoarthritis (PFJ-OA) and is evident during running, squatting, stair activities [
7,
8,
9]. The pain that is associated with periarticular muscle tissue in knee OA is due to the prevalence of myofascial trigger points (MTrPs), varying from 11% to 50% in different muscles of patients with mild to moderate painful knee osteoarthritis [
10]. The PFJ-OA is evident in 20 to 30% of adult people aged 26 to 50 years having longstanding patellofemoral (PF) pain, and females are the primary victims of this [
11,
12]. One study concluded that the PFJ-OA is very common in Saudi patients [
13] and more prevalent in Saudi Arabian females [
14]. Valgus deformity will accelerate lateral PFJ-OA along with patellar dysplasia patella or tibial malrotation and direction or force of the quadriceps femoris [
15]. Likewise, other health care providers, such as physiotherapists, also adapt various assessment tools to measure the degree to which impairments exists, the efficacy of therapeutic approaches and the prognosis. These tools were categorized into subjective and objective types based on the measurement properties [
16].
‘Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score Patellofemoral’ (KOOS-PF) is one subjective type of questionnaire developed as an extension with the aim of estimating the immediate and long-term symptoms and function among people with PFJ-OA [
17]. It is disease specific and measures the PFJ-originated knee discomforts. The KOOS-PF comprises eleven items, which extensively evaluate the PFJ-born symptoms, such as stiffness, pain, as well as quality of life (QOL) [
17,
18]. Its psychometric properties were well established along with acceptable limits of structural validity from the patients [
19].
There are many questionnaires available in original English versions today to evaluate the knee symptoms [
18]. The KOOS-PF is a tool to evaluate knee symptoms originating from PFJ-OA [
19]. Moreover, the KOOS-PF concept of cross-cultural validation is ongoing in several languages across the globe, and this questionnaire has been validated in the Arabic language among male subjects [
20]. To better serve the people of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) diagnosed with the PFJ pain, which is more common in Saudi females [
13,
14], and help the patients better express their symptoms in their mother tongue [
21] thus mandated the need to validate it in Arabic among females. Therefore, the objective of the study was to translate, cross-culturally adapt and validate the psychometric properties of KOOS-PF among females (Ar-KOOS-PF-F) of KSA.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
A cross-sectional study of observational design was conducted where the outcome and the exposure in the study participants were measured at one point in time based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria set for the study.
2.2. Study Setting
A total of 105 female patients with diagnosed chronic patellofemoral pain were recruited through the convenience sampling technique, and the data were collected at the department of Physical therapy, University hospital, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah city-11952, Riyadh province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), from 23 December 2021 to 13 February 2022. After a leap of 48 h, they were again asked to report it to ensure the reliability of KOOS-PF. Out of 105 female patients, only 92 (87.61% compliance rate) were reported for the second session. We considered a leap of 48 h (i.e., before starting analgesics) between two reporting trials to prevent bias due to analgesic effect and recall bias of KOOS-PF items. The numeric visual analog scale (VAS) was considered to evaluate the patellofemoral pain among the participants.
2.3. Participants
Patients with chronic patellofemoral pain were invited to participate in the study followed by an initial interview where the study was explained to the patients. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) those aged between 30 to 60 years, diagnosed by an orthopedic surgeon with patellofemoral pain at the outpatient department of the University hospital, referred to the physical therapy department on the same day, were considered. (2) Patients who were able to read and write in Arabic. Patients were excluded from the study who had a history of acute and chronic knee problems other than patellofemoral pain, and patients with morbid obesity with previous history of tibio-femoral OA presented with patellofemoral pain were also excluded from the study to avoid bias in the outcome measures. The Majmaah University for Research Ethics committee (MUREC) (HA-01-R-088) reviewed the referred application, and the ethical aspects were approved with the Ethics Number’ MUREC-Dec.22/COM-2021/16-2. The patients were asked for written informed consent before the start of the study protocol. After obtaining an informed consent, demographic details, such as age, and female patients’ body mass index (BMI) were estimated from their height and weight, and then the patients were asked to fill in the Ar-KOOS-PF-F questionnaire on the same day of the initial interview along with visual analog scale, which was used to measure their pain threshold.
2.4. Validation Protocol
The author has obtained the permission to use the instrument from the copyright holders [
20]. KOOS-PF incorporates 1 question describing the symptoms and quality of life (QOL), whereas the remaining 9 describe the pain out of 11 items. Each question of KOOS-PF was provided with five options, ‘never to always’, while describing the disability. The specification of scoring direction is necessary for a better interpretation of results. Arab people usually offer prayers/Salat five times daily, and it primarily involves the knee joint and other joint activity. Thus, while validating the KOOS-PF, the prayer activities were taken into account alongside the Beaton guidelines [
22].
The entire validation process was described in five stages. The first stage consisted of a process of translating the English KOOS-PF to Arabic language by T1 and T2 (informed and uninformed) translators. Language discrepancies were analyzed, and an Arabic draft (T-12) was synthesized in the second stage. During the third stage, the T-12 draft was re-translated into the English language by two English professors from KSA back to the first language (BT1 and BT2). The pre-final version of the draft was prepared in the fourth stage by considering the opinion and suggestions obtained from all four translators (T1, T2, BT1 and BT2) along with an orthopedic surgeon. Thus, the prepared pre-final draft was implemented on twenty natives of KSA diagnosed with patellofemoral pain and evaluated for language fluency and easy understanding of each item in relation to their knee issues. The opinions of all participants were taken into account by the panel and approved for inclusion of Arabic words ‘Sujud’ and ‘Rakaa’ based on necessity, as reported in previous research of KOOS-PF validation among males [
20]. The word ‘Sujud’ is an act of bowing where the forehead touches toward the ground, and ‘rakha’ is kneel sitting during ‘Salat’.
In the fifth stage, once the participants had been satisfied with the translated KOOS-PF items, the final draft was prepared and pre-tested. Minor changes were incorporated and renamed as Ar-KOOS-PF-F.
2.5. Estimation of Psychometrics Properties
2.5.1. The Cronbach’s α
To ensure the internal consistency (IC) of each item of Ar-KOOS-PF-F, the Cronbach’s α was considered to report the data. Good IC of the subscale was agreed between 0.7 and 0.9. Items scoring over 0.9 were considered excellent, whereas items scoring below 0.7 were discarded [
23].
2.5.2. Reliability
The difference among the trials (test and retest) was achieved with intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) with 95% confidence interval (CI) [
23,
24]. For better test–retest reliability, the ICC value should be >0.80. During the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) analyses, a 48 h gap was maintained between the first and second trials in order to prevent therapeutic drugs from influencing the results.
2.5.3. Correlation Matrix
Here, the scores of the domains of the scale are supposed to be between 0.3 and 0.8 matrix [
25].
2.5.4. Relative Standard Deviation/Coefficient of Variance (RSD/CV)
Two well-known techniques adapted for estimating the percentage of agreement were relative standard deviation/coefficient of variance (RSD/CV) [
26] and minimal detectable change (MDC) [
27]. This was estimated from standard deviation (SD) and mean, giving a ratio for variability. The two steps in the analysis of the MDC are measurement of the error (SEM), followed by the measurement.
2.5.5. Validity
Construct Validity
The minimum sample size required to establish the construct validity of Ar-KOOS-PF-F with VAS was reported using the formulae [
28], N = [(Zα + Zβ)/C]2 + 3 = 105; Where, C = 0.5 ∗ ln[(1 + r)/(1 − r)] = 0.3205; r = 0.31 (Expected construct validity); Zα = Z0.05 = 1.96 (1%-Type I error rate); Zβ = Z0.10 = 1.28 (10%-Type II error rate). Construct validity was extracted from baseline values (
n = 105) by Spearman correlation test, which investigated the relation of Arabic-version Ar-KOOS-PF-F with numeric visual analog scale (VAS). If the correlation coefficients were above 0.70, they were considered strong; between 0.70 and 0.50, they were considered moderate; whereas below 0.50, they were considered weak [
29].
Factorial Validity
Homogeneity of Ar-KOOS-PF-F was determined using principal component analysis (PCA). Sample size estimation was required as the first step in performing factor analysis and was based on the number of items included in the questionnaire. As recommended, 3 to 20 samples were required for each item [
30,
31,
32], thus making the minimum of 33 to 220 samples to perform the factor analysis. Another recommendation reported that the minimum sample required for the factor analysis should be at least,
n = 100 [
33]. Hence, our recruited sample of
n = 105 would satisfy both recommendations. Further, the sampling adequacy was verified using the Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO) measure > 0.5 for acceptable and 0.8 for meritorious [
34,
35] and the Bartlett’s test of sphericity (BTS) to confirm the fitness to run EFA for the items included. The factor solution was based on eigenvalue > 1 and scree plot in deciding the number of factors required to confirm factorial validity. Factor loading should yield a minimum of (≥0.32) as acceptable communalities, (≥0.5) as moderate communalities and (≥0.8) high communalities [
36,
37]. A 60% variance was considered as minimum acceptable to explain total item variance [
38].
Each item of Ar-KOOS-PF-F was checked for its floor and ceiling effect. It was predefined that the statistically acceptable limits were derived from the highest or lowest possible score reported by 15% of the samples [
39].
2.6. Statistical Analysis
The psychometric measurement properties of the translated version, such as internal consistency (Cronbach’s α), reliability, test–retest by intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). Among the total subjects (n = 105), only 92 (87.61%) were reported and considered for retest reliability analysis, and 13 subjects were not reported (12.38%). Inter-item correlation matrix by Spearman’s correlation, coefficient of variance by standard deviation (SD) and mean followed by measurement of error (SEM). Construct validity was extracted from baseline values (n = 105) by Spearman’s correlation test. Factorial validity: homogeneity of Ar-KOOS-PF-F was determined using principal component analysis (PCA). The sampling adequacy was verified using the Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO) measure > 0.5. Bartlett’s test of sphericity (BTS) to confirm the fitness to run EFA for the items included was conducted using IBM-SPSS statistical (Version 24.0) software (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). The level of significance was set at p < 0.05.
4. Discussion
The objective of this study was to translate the original version of KOOS-PF to Arabic, cross-culturally adapt and validate the psychometric properties of the Arabic version of Ar-KOOS-PF-F among females of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; having high ICC, test–retest reliability, along with the acceptable levels of good construct validity against VAS and acceptable factorial validity to confirm the homogeneity emphasizes the utilization of Ar-KOOS-PF-F with PFJ pain during activities of daily living involving knee joint functions. The internal consistency (0.93) reported in this study was similar to Ar-KOOS (0.87) and KOOS-PF for Arabic males (0.81) [
20,
39,
40,
41]. In this study, the individual domain pain (item No: PF2, PF3, PF4) exhibited an internal consistency of 0.93; ADL was 0.87; sports and recreation were 0.91 along with quality of life (QOL), which was 0.95. Thus, the obtained values for pain and QOL were nearer to the KOOS-Short Form (KOOS-SF), which holds an internal consistency of 0.75–0.95 and 0.9 for pain and QOL, respectively. Ar-KOOS-PF-F inter-item correlation as shown in (
Table 3) was also mimicking the 12-item KOOS-SF (pain—0.43 and QOL—0.44) [
42,
43]. Thus, items of the Ar-KOOS-PF-F demonstrate a good internal consistency among them. The resultant Cronbach’s α of Ar-KOOS-PF-F measured in females is the same as the KOOS-PF original version (0.86) and falls within acceptable limits [
19,
39,
40,
42].
The creators of KOOS-Short Form were quoted on various short form versions of it having the diverged contents for the provision of domain-oriented intra-articular values [
40,
41], which assist in the conceptualization and validation of Ar-KOOS-PF-F. One previous study aimed at the KOOS Urdu validation study also supports this Arabic-version Ar-KOOS-PF-F, where the stiffness (PF1) (Cronbach’s α = 0.88) is marginally above the symptoms (Cronbach’s α = 0.930) [
44]. Domains such as pain (0.89) and QOL (0.79) were supported in our results by maintaining the final scores within the standard psychometric boundaries, and a good level of internal consistency is always within the limits [
29].
The Ar-KOOS-PF-F internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.93) of our study was within the acceptable limits, which were in line with three other study reports, portraying a good internal consistency and correlation among the items. This was exactly the same as what was reported in the Spanish version of KOOS-PF [
43] and higher when compared to previous KOOS-PF validation among the male population [
20].
The average ICC (0.96) of Ar-KOOS-PF-F shows an excellent test–retest reliability and is above the original KOOS-PF (ICC = 0.86) [
19] and Spanish KOOS-PF (ICC = 0.82) [
45]. The ICC of Arabic-Version Long KOOS was 0.959 and higher for the symptoms (0.94), corresponding to PF1, pain (0.93) corresponding to PF2-10 and QOL (0.93) corresponding to PF11 of Arabic-version KOOS-PF [
41].
Meanwhile, the Indian Urdu version of long-form-KOOS demonstrates that the ICC of symptoms (0.96) corresponds to PF-1 item and is below the ICC of pain (0.978), corresponding to PF2-10 items, and is approximate to the ICC of QOL (0.968), corresponding to PF11 item of the Arabic-version KOOS-PF [
44].
In this study, Ar-KOOS-PF-F demonstrates a moderate degree of association with VAS (r = −0.783;
p = 0.023), which is a good association when compared to our validation of males [
20] and (r = 0.71) of the Spanish KOOS-PF reported with the Spanish Kujala score [
45]. These findings were very similar to the correlation between Arabic-version KOOS-SF and VAS (pain—0.71, symptoms—0.59 and QOL—0.64) [
41]. The current study result also demonstrates the 22.96% of MDC for Ar-KOOS-PF-F, which also lies below 30% [
27] and is higher than the MDC of Arabic-version long-form KOOS [
41].
All 11 questions in Ar-KOOS-PF-F failed to touch the floor or ceiling limits [
18], which implies more than 15% of participants failed to choose the lower score (0) and the greatest score (4). Similar results were also evident in a study with original KOOS-PF [
19]. Future research shall be executed on the responsiveness property in females.
Strength and Limitations
Ar-KOOS-PF-F scale for measuring the PFJ pain syndrome among Muslim females of KSA was confirmed by factor analysis and was adapted with a special consideration to their prayer activities (Salat); this is the strength of the study. Additionally, the time period among the trials for estimating the test and retest for reliability was very minimal to nullify the analgesic effect of the pharmacotherapy for the same.
Due to the cultural barrier, male and females were not evaluated together within the hospitals of KSA. The KOOS-PF was validated among males by the previous author; hence, only females were recruited in this process of validation of measurement properties of Ar-KOOS-PF-F. Additionally, hence, the outcomes of Ar-KOOS-PF-F are applicable only to the female natives of KSA.