The Role of Resilience, Happiness, and Social Support in the Psychological Function during the Late Stages of the Lockdown in Individuals with and without Chronic Pain
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Measures
2.4. Outcome Variables
2.5. Predictive Variables
2.6. Data Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Description of the Study Sample and the Study Variables
3.2. Assumptions Testing
3.3. Comparisons between Participants with and without Chronic Pain
3.4. Zero-Order Correlations between Criterion and Predictor Variables
3.5. Regression Analyses
3.5.1. Predicting Anxiety
3.5.2. Predicting Depression
3.5.3. Predicting Stress
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mean | SD | Range | Skewness | Kurtosis | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Resilience | 26.92 | 7.43 | 2–40 | −0.37 | −0.13 |
Happiness | 2.85 | 0.59 | 1–4 | −0.49 | 1.02 |
Social Support | 14.98 | 4.10 | 4–20 | −0.58 | −0.47 |
Anxiety | 5.94 | 7.10 | 0–42 | 1.76 | 3.49 |
Depression | 7.85 | 8.61 | 0–42 | 1.56 | 2.27 |
Stress | 12.39 | 9.64 | 0–42 | 0.87 | 0.18 |
NCP () N = 234 | CP () N = 200 | t-Test | d Cohen | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Resilience | 27.23 | 26.56 | 0.93 | 0.09 |
Happiness | 2.93 | 2.76 | 3.09 * | 0.30 |
Social Support | 15.23 | 14.70 | 1.35 | 0.13 |
Anxiety | 4.54 | 7.57 | −4.43 ** | 0.43 |
Depression | 6.55 | 7.21 | −3.37 ** | 0.33 |
Stress | 10.73 | 14.34 | −3.89 ** | 0.37 |
Anxiety | Depression | Stress | Resilience | Happiness | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Resilience | −0.35 * | −0.50 * | −0.36 * | ||
Happiness | −0.40 * | −0.58 * | −0.43 * | 0.50 * | |
Social Support | −0.32 * | −0.50 * | −0.30 * | 0.33 * | 0.46 * |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predictor | β | t | p | β | t | p | β | t | p |
Demographic variables | |||||||||
Age | −0.17 | 30.66 | <0.001 | −0.21 | 4.46 | <0.001 | −0.17 | 3.90 | <0.001 |
Gender + | 0.18 | 30.80 | <0.001 | 0.13 | 2.84 | 0.005 | 0.11 | 2.63 | 0.009 |
Education | −0.09 | 10.82 | 0.070 | −0.07 | 1.59 | 0.112 | −0.03 | −0.65 | 0.514 |
Chronic pain | 0.22 | 4.72 | <0.001 | 0.17 | 3.94 | <0.001 | |||
Protective variables | |||||||||
Resilience | −0.14 | 2.75 | 0.006 | ||||||
Happiness | −0.23 | 4.52 | <0.001 | ||||||
Social Support | −0.13 | 2.81 | 0.005 | ||||||
R2 = 0.07 | R2 = 0.12 | R2 = 0.27 | |||||||
R2 change = 0.07 | R2 change = 0.05 | R2 change = 0.15 | |||||||
F = 110.45 | F = 220.23 | F = 300.07 | |||||||
p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predictor | β | t | p | β | t | p | β | t | p |
Demographic variables | |||||||||
Age | −0.24 | 50.08 | <0.001 | −0.27 | 5.75 | <0.001 | −0.21 | 5.78 | <0.001 |
Gender + | 0.11 | 20.34 | 0.020 | 0.07 | 1.50 | <0.135 | 0.04 | 1.13 | 0.258 |
Education | −0.10 | 20.14 | 0.033 | −0.09 | 1.95 | 0.052 | −0.02 | 0.46 | 0.647 |
Chronic pain | 0.19 | 4.04 | <0.001 | 0.11 | 3.08 | 0.002 | |||
Protective variables | |||||||||
Resilience | −0.19 | 4.74 | <0.001 | ||||||
Happiness | −0.34 | 7.95 | <0.001 | ||||||
Social Support | −0.26 | 6.60 | <0.001 | ||||||
R2 = 0.08 | R2 = 0.11 | R2 = 0.49 | |||||||
R2 change = 0.08 | R2 change = 0.03 | R2 change = 0.38 | |||||||
F = 130.25 | F = 160.28 | F = 1070.7 | |||||||
p < 0.001 | p = 0.002 | p < 0.001 |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predictor | β | t | p | β | t | p | β | t | p |
Demographic variables | |||||||||
Age | −0.22 | 40.71 | <0.001 | −0.25 | 5.42 | <0.001 | −0.21 | 5.04 | <0.001 |
Gender+ | 0.19 | 0.19 | <0.001 | 0.15 | 3.26 | 0.001 | 0.13 | 3.09 | 0.002 |
Education | −0.02 | 0.44 | 0.662 | −0.01 | 0.21 | 0.835 | 0.03 | 0.83 | 0.410 |
Chronic pain | 0.20 | 4.19 | <0.001 | 0.14 | 3.30 | <0.001 | |||
Protective variables | |||||||||
Resilience | −0.13 | 2.62 | 0.009 | ||||||
Happiness | −0.28 | 5.55 | <0.001 | ||||||
Social Support | −0.10 | 2.19 | 0.029 | ||||||
R2 = 0.09 | R2 = 0.12 | R2 = 0.29 | |||||||
R2 change = 0.09 | R2 change = 0.03 | R2 change = 0.17 | |||||||
F = 140.15 | F = 170.52 | F = 330.92 | |||||||
p < 0.001 | p =< 0.001 | p < 0.001 |
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Miró, J.; Sánchez-Rodríguez, E.; Nolla, M.C.; Costa, R.M.; Pais-Ribeiro, J.; Ferreira-Valente, A. The Role of Resilience, Happiness, and Social Support in the Psychological Function during the Late Stages of the Lockdown in Individuals with and without Chronic Pain. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 6708. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116708
Miró J, Sánchez-Rodríguez E, Nolla MC, Costa RM, Pais-Ribeiro J, Ferreira-Valente A. The Role of Resilience, Happiness, and Social Support in the Psychological Function during the Late Stages of the Lockdown in Individuals with and without Chronic Pain. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(11):6708. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116708
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiró, Jordi, Elisabet Sánchez-Rodríguez, M. Carme Nolla, Rui M. Costa, J. Pais-Ribeiro, and Alexandra Ferreira-Valente. 2022. "The Role of Resilience, Happiness, and Social Support in the Psychological Function during the Late Stages of the Lockdown in Individuals with and without Chronic Pain" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 11: 6708. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116708