Development and Validation of the Tuberculosis Risk Score for Smokers (TBRSS)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Case–Control Study
2.2. Determination of Cut-Off Points
2.3. Content Validity and Face Validity
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Cases (TB Disease) (n = 45) | Controls (None TB Disease) (n = 114) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
n | (%) | n | (%) | |
SOCIAL HISTORY | ||||
Age (years) mean (SD) | 48.5 | (17.)8 | 44.2 | (15.3) |
Gender | ||||
Male | 32 | (71.1) | 62 | (54.4) |
Female | 13 | (28.9) | 52 | (45.6) |
Live in a TB area | ||||
High incidence | 10 | (22.2) | 10 | (8.8) |
Low incidence | 35 | (77.8) | 104 | (91.2) |
Education status | ||||
Primary school level | 11 | (24.4) | 16 | (14.1) |
Secondary school level | 29 | (64.4) | 60 | (52.6) |
Tertiary level/College/University | 5 | (11.2) | 38 | (33.3) |
MEDICAL/SMOKING HISTORY | ||||
Diabetes mellitus | ||||
Yes | 14 | (31.1) | 30 | (26.3) |
No | 31 | (68.9) | 84 | (73.7) |
HIV status | ||||
Yes | 1 | (2.2) | 1 | (0.9) |
No | 44 | (97.8) | 113 | (99.1) |
Immunosuppressed disease | ||||
Yes | 9 | (20.0) | 13 | (11.4) |
No | 36 | (80.0) | 101 | (88.6) |
Smoking Status | ||||
Active smoker | 15 | (33.3) | 41 | (36.0) |
Ex-smoker | 17 | (37.8) | 17 | (14.9) |
Passive smoker | 13 | (28.9) | 56 | (49.1) |
Duration of exposure to smoke (years) mean (SD) | 23.9 | 16.5 | 18.4 | 12.8 |
TB HISTORY | ||||
Immunized with BCG | 45 | (100.0) | 103 | (90.3) |
Expose to TB index case | 18 | (40.0) | 35 | (30.7) |
Previous history of TB disease | 6 | (13.3) | 4 | (3.5) |
SYMPTOM HISTORY | ||||
Cough | 36 | (80.0) | 101 | (88.6) |
Sputum | 24 | (53.3) | 78 | (68.4) |
Weight loss | 34 | (75.6) | 17 | (14.9) |
Having night sweat | 22 | (48.9) | 1 | (0.9) |
Had chest pain | 10 | (22.2) | 3 | (2.6) |
Loss of appetite | 29 | (64.4) | 29 | (25.4) |
Fever | 27 | (60.0) | 57 | (50.0) |
Hemoptysis | 9 | (20.0) | 12 | (10.5) |
Symptom duation (days) median (IQR) | 30 | (76) | 7 | (11) |
Variable | Crude OR | (95% CI) | p-Value a |
---|---|---|---|
Live in a TB area | |||
High incidence | 2.97 | (1.13, 7.83) | 0.026 |
Low incidence | Reference | ||
Education status | |||
Primary school level | 5.23 | (1.63, 18.94) | 0.007 |
Secondary school level | 3.67 | (1.41, 11.53) | 0.014 |
Tertiary level/College/University | Reference | ||
Smoking status | |||
Active smoker | 1.58 | (0.68, 3.71) | 0.291 |
Ex-smoker | 4.31 | (1.77, 10.87) | 0.002 |
Passive smoker | Reference | ||
Duration of exposure to smoke (years) | 1.03 | (1.01, 1.05) | 0.030 |
Previous history of TB disease | |||
Yes | 4.23 | (1.15, 17.30) | 0.032 |
No | Reference | ||
Cough | |||
Yes | Reference | 0.162 | |
No | 1.94 | (0.74, 4.90) | |
Weight loss | |||
Yes | 17.64 | (7.76, 43.12) | <0.001 |
No | Reference | ||
Having night sweats | |||
Yes | 108.09 | (21.08, 1984.47) | <0.001 |
No | Reference | ||
Had chest pain | |||
Yes | 10.57 | (3.04, 49.14) | 0.001 |
No | Reference | ||
Any loss of appetite | |||
Yes | 5.31 | (2.57, 11.38) | <0.001 |
No | Reference | ||
Duration of symptoms (days) | 1.03 | (1.01, 1.04) | <0.001 |
Variables | β-Coefficient | Dividing with the Lowest β-Coefficient b | Nearest Integer | Score Mark |
---|---|---|---|---|
Duration of exposure to smoke | ||||
More than 10 years | 0.459 | 1.723 | 2 | 3 |
Less than 10 years | 1 | |||
Previous history of TB disease | ||||
Yes | 0.425 | 1.594 | 2 | 3 |
No | 1 | |||
Presence of any cough | ||||
Yes | 0.267 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
No | 1 | |||
Presence of significant night sweats | ||||
Yes | 4.615 | 17.319 | 15 | 15 |
No | 1 | |||
Had significant weight loss | ||||
Yes | 2.590 | 9.717 | 10 | 10 |
No | 1 | |||
Duration of any symptoms | ||||
More than two weeks | 1.762 | 6.611 | 7 | 10 |
Less or equal to two weeks | 1 |
(a) | ||
Factors | Total Score | F-CVI |
Smoking status | 8 | 1.00 |
Duration of exposure to smoke | 8 | 1.00 |
History of TB disease | 8 | 1.00 |
Cough | 7 | 0.88 |
Having night sweats | 7 | 0.88 |
Had significant weight loss | 8 | 1.00 |
Duration of symptoms | 7 | 0.88 |
S-CVI/Ave | 0.83 | |
(b) | ||
Factors | Total Score | FVI |
Understanding of instructions given | 20 | 1.00 |
Understanding of the sentences | 20 | 1.00 |
Easiness to mark the score | 20 | 1.00 |
Type and size of the font used | 17 | 0.85 |
Appropriateness of the arrangement | 20 | 1.00 |
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Tengku Khalid, T.N.F.; Wan Mohammad, W.M.Z.; Nik Husain, N.R.; Ab Samat, R. Development and Validation of the Tuberculosis Risk Score for Smokers (TBRSS). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 6959. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19126959
Tengku Khalid TNF, Wan Mohammad WMZ, Nik Husain NR, Ab Samat R. Development and Validation of the Tuberculosis Risk Score for Smokers (TBRSS). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(12):6959. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19126959
Chicago/Turabian StyleTengku Khalid, Tengku Noor Farhana, Wan Mohd Zahiruddin Wan Mohammad, Nik Rosmawati Nik Husain, and Razan Ab Samat. 2022. "Development and Validation of the Tuberculosis Risk Score for Smokers (TBRSS)" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 12: 6959. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19126959