Episodic Future Thinking about Smoking-Related Illness: A Preliminary Investigation of Effects on Delay Discounting, Cigarette Craving, and Cigarette Demand
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
Group | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | EFT, n = 50 | EFT-SRI, n = 50 | ERT, n = 51 | ERT-SRI, n = 48 | Overall, n = 199 |
Gender n (%) | |||||
Male | 29 (58%) | 27 (54%) | 25 (49%) | 25 (52%) | 106 (53%) |
Female | 21 (42%) | 23 (46%) | 26 (51%) | 23 (48%) | 93 (47%) |
Racen (%) | |||||
White/Caucasian | 40 (80%) | 46 (92%) | 45 (88%) | 44 (92%) | 175 (88%) |
Black/African American | 3 (6.0%) | 2 (4.0%) | 4 (7.8%) | 2 (4.2%) | 11 (5.5%) |
Asian | 5 (10%) | 1 (2.0%) | 1 (2.0%) | 1 (2.1%) | 8 (4.0%) |
Other/Did not specify | 2 (4.0%) | 1 (2.0%) | 1 (2.0%) | 1 (2.1%) | 5 (2.5%) |
Ethnicity n (%) | |||||
Not Hispanic/Latino | 47 (94%) | 44 (88%) | 46 (90%) | 44 (92%) | 181 (91%) |
Hispanic/Latino | 3 (6.0%) | 6 (12%) | 5 (9.8%) | 4 (8.3%) | 18 (9.0%) |
Education n (%) | |||||
High school or less | 18 (36%) | 18 (36%) | 20 (39%) | 20 (42%) | 76 (38%) |
Associate’s degree | 5 (10%) | 6 (12%) | 7 (14%) | 4 (8.3%) | 22 (11%) |
Bachelor’s degree | 22 (44%) | 21 (42%) | 19 (37%) | 20 (42%) | 82 (41%) |
Post-graduate degree | 5 (10%) | 5 (10%) | 5 (9.8%) | 4 (8.3%) | 19 (9.5%) |
Mean Household income (±SD) | 71,300 ± 41,303 | 52,900 ± 35,255 | 62,451 ± 38,799 | 47,708 ± 32,255 | 58,719 ± 37,926 |
Mean Age (±SD) | 34.98 ± 8.71 | 36.46 ± 10.65 | 34.82 ± 10.35 | 33.27 ± 9.49 | 34.90± 9.82 |
Mean cigarettes/day (±SD) | 12.62 ± 6.42 | 13.70 ± 6.87 | 14.00 ± 5.70 | 14.31 ± 7.57 | 13.65 ± 6.64 |
Mean FTND score (±SD) | 4.20 ± 2.14 | 4.20 ± 2.18 | 4.59 ± 2.29 | 4.62 ± 2.39 | 4.40 ± 2.24 |
2.2. Procedures
2.3. EFT Generation Task
2.4. ERT Generation Task
2.5. EFT + SRI and ERT + SRI Generation Tasks
2.6. Delay Discounting Task
2.7. Cigarette Craving Questionnaire
2.8. Cigarette Purchase Task
2.9. Positive and Negative Affect Scale
2.10. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Characteristics
3.2. Delay Discounting
3.3. Cigarette Craving
3.4. Cigarette Demand
3.5. Affect
4. Discussion
4.1. Combined Effects of Episodic Future Thinking and Smoking-Related Illness
4.2. Concordance with Prior Findings on Effects of Positive Episodic Future Thinking
4.3. Concordance with Prior Findings on Effects of Negative Episodic Future Thinking
4.4. Clinical Implications
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Measure | Criterion | EFT | EFT-SRI | ERT | ERT-SRI |
Delay discounting | Trend | 15 | 5 | 7 | 4 |
Bounce | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | |
Cigarette demand | Trend a | 2 | 8 | 0 | 7 |
Bounce | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Reversal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
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Ruhi-Williams, P.; King, M.J.; Stein, J.S.; Bickel, W.K. Episodic Future Thinking about Smoking-Related Illness: A Preliminary Investigation of Effects on Delay Discounting, Cigarette Craving, and Cigarette Demand. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 7136. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127136
Ruhi-Williams P, King MJ, Stein JS, Bickel WK. Episodic Future Thinking about Smoking-Related Illness: A Preliminary Investigation of Effects on Delay Discounting, Cigarette Craving, and Cigarette Demand. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(12):7136. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127136
Chicago/Turabian StyleRuhi-Williams, Perisa, Mary J. King, Jeffrey S. Stein, and Warren K. Bickel. 2022. "Episodic Future Thinking about Smoking-Related Illness: A Preliminary Investigation of Effects on Delay Discounting, Cigarette Craving, and Cigarette Demand" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 12: 7136. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127136