New Technology and Loss of Paid Employment among Older Workers: Prospective Cohort Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Subgroups of the Study Population
2.3. Predictors
2.4. Outcome
2.5. Covariates
2.6. Statistics
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. New Technology and Loss of Paid Employment
4.2. Implementation of New Technology at Work
4.3. Practical Applications
4.4. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study Sample | Symbols | People | Production | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Percent or Mean (SE) | N | Percent or Mean (SE) | N | Percent or Mean (SE) | N | Percent or Mean (SE) | |
Age, years | 10.320 | 55.8 (0.04) | 4.364 | 55.4 (0.06) | 2.872 | 56.2 (0.08) | 1.521 | 55.6 (0.11) |
Gender | ||||||||
Women | 4812 | 48% | 2054 | 47% | 2043 | 73% | 265 | 16% |
Men | 5508 | 52% | 2310 | 53% | 829 | 27% | 1256 | 84% |
Education | ||||||||
Unskilled manual worker | 2043 | 21% | 711 | 17% | 420 | 15% | 429 | 33% |
Skilled manual worker | 4389 | 41% | 1675 | 38% | 997 | 34% | 952 | 59% |
Further education | 3888 | 38% | 1978 | 45% | 1455 | 51% | 140 | 8% |
Smoking | ||||||||
No | 8325 | 81% | 3749 | 86% | 2287 | 81% | 1133 | 75% |
Yes | 1936 | 19% | 590 | 14% | 569 | 19% | 380 | 25% |
BMI | ||||||||
<18 | 57 | 1% | 20 | 0% | 21 | 1% | 7 | 0% |
18–<25 | 4256 | 42% | 1890 | 44% | 1328 | 48% | 488 | 31% |
25–<30 | 4064 | 40% | 1686 | 39% | 1009 | 35% | 701 | 47% |
30–<35 | 1388 | 13% | 550 | 13% | 349 | 12% | 243 | 16% |
35–<40 | 321 | 3% | 121 | 3% | 86 | 3% | 62 | 4% |
≥40 | 103 | 1% | 39 | 1% | 35 | 1% | 14 | 1% |
Physical activity during leisure | ||||||||
Seated | 1494 | 14% | 511 | 12% | 386 | 13% | 293 | 19% |
Light exercise at least 4 h | 6221 | 61% | 2594 | 60% | 1835 | 64% | 891 | 59% |
Sports or heavy physical activity at least 4 h per week | 2358 | 23% | 1135 | 26% | 592 | 22% | 310 | 20% |
Training and competing regularly several times a week | 203 | 2% | 107 | 2% | 45 | 2% | 22 | 2% |
n | Weighted % | RR (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|---|
Has new technology been introduced into your work within the last 2 years? | |||
No | 3331 | 30.1 | 1 |
Yes | 6928 | 69.9 | 0.86 [0.85–0.87] |
New Technology and PUSH and STAY | |||
The new technology can mean that I leave the labor market before state pension age? (PUSH) | |||
No | 5189 | 85.8 | 1 |
Yes | 881 | 14.2 | 1.53 [1.49–1.56] |
The new technology can mean that I stay at the labour market until after state pension age? (STAY) | |||
No | 4331 | 82.8 | 1 |
Yes | 958 | 17.2 | 0.73 [0.71–0.76] |
Implementation of new technology | |||
I have been involved in the way the new technology has been introduced? | |||
No | 2405 | 35.4 | 1 |
Yes | 4265 | 64.6 | 0.87 [0.85–0.88] |
I need new skills as a result of the new technology? | |||
No | 2658 | 40.8 | 1 |
Yes | 3801 | 59.2 | 1.10 [1.08–1.12] |
I am offered adequate training in the use of the new technology? | |||
No | 2050 | 33.3 | 1 |
Yes | 4141 | 66.7 | 0.58 [0.57–0.59] |
Symbols (n = 4364) | People (n = 2872) | Production (n = 1521) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | RR (95% CI) | % | RR (95% CI) | % | RR (95% CI) | |
Has new technology been introduced into your work within the last 2 years? | ||||||
No | 25.1 | 1 | 25.8 | 1 | 43.0 | 1 |
Yes | 74.9 | 0.74 [0.72–0.76] | 74.2 | 1.22 [1.19–1.26] | 57.0 | 0.83 [0.80–0.85] |
New Technology and PUSH and STAY | ||||||
The new technology can mean that I leave the labor market before state pension age? (PUSH) | ||||||
No | 87.5 | 1 | 83.4 | 1 | 88.0 | 1 |
Yes | 12.5 | 1.56 [1.50–1.63] | 16.6 | 1.39 [1.35–1.43] | 12.0 | 1.46 [1.38–1.55] |
The new technology can mean that I stay at the labour market until after state pension age? (STAY) | ||||||
No | 78.5 | 1 | 87.8 | 1 | 78.5 | 1 |
Yes | 21.5 | 0.77 [0.73–0.81] | 12.2 | 0.89 [0.85–0.94] | 21.5 | 0.53 [0.48–0.58] |
Implementation of new technology | ||||||
I have been involved in the way the new technology has been introduced? | ||||||
No | 32.8 | 1 | 37.4 | 1 | 35.4 | 1 |
Yes | 67.2 | 0.78 [0.75–0.80] | 62.6 | 0.96 [0.93–0.98] | 64.6 | 0.65 [0.62–0.68] |
I need new skills as a result of the new technology? | ||||||
No | 41.9 | 1 | 36.6 | 1 | 50.7 | 1 |
Yes | 58.1 | 1.25 [1.21–1.29] | 63.4 | 1.12 [1.09–1.16] | 49.3 | 0.72 [0.68–0.76] |
I am offered adequate training in the use of the new technology? | ||||||
No | 25.3 | 1 | 40.7 | 1 | 37.5 | 1 |
Yes | 74.7 | 0.58 [0.56–0.60] | 59.3 | 0.68 [0.66–0.70] | 62.5 | 0.65 [0.62–0.69] |
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Sundstrup, E.; Meng, A.; Ajslev, J.Z.N.; Albertsen, K.; Pedersen, F.; Andersen, L.L. New Technology and Loss of Paid Employment among Older Workers: Prospective Cohort Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 7168. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127168
Sundstrup E, Meng A, Ajslev JZN, Albertsen K, Pedersen F, Andersen LL. New Technology and Loss of Paid Employment among Older Workers: Prospective Cohort Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(12):7168. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127168
Chicago/Turabian StyleSundstrup, Emil, Annette Meng, Jeppe Z. N. Ajslev, Karen Albertsen, Flemming Pedersen, and Lars L. Andersen. 2022. "New Technology and Loss of Paid Employment among Older Workers: Prospective Cohort Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 12: 7168. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127168