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Volume 19
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10.3390/ijerph19127513
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Article

Distinguishing the Effect of Time Spent at Home during COVID-19 Pandemic on the Mental Health of Urban and Suburban College Students Using Cell Phone Geolocation

by
Pelin Ayranci
1,*,
Cesar Bandera
1,
NhatHai Phan
1,
Ruoming Jin
2,
Dong Li
2 and
Deric Kenne
3
1
Martin Tuckman School of Management, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
2
Department of Computer Science, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44240, USA
3
College of Public Health, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44240, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(12), 7513; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127513
Submission received: 14 May 2022 / Revised: 10 June 2022 / Accepted: 16 June 2022 / Published: 19 June 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic)
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Abstract

The aim of this study was to assess the correlation of depression and anxiety with time spent at home among students at two universities—one urban and the other suburban—during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Geolocation data from the smartphones of 124 participants were collected between February 2021 and May 2021. The level of depression was estimated by the PHQ-9 and PHQ-2 screening tools, and anxiety scores were estimated by the GAD-2 and GAD-7 screening tools. Results: 51% of participants in the PHQ-9 surveys indicated mild to severe depression. Participants spent on average 75% of their time at home during COVID. Time spent at home had a positive correlation with the mental health of urban students but a negative correlation with suburban students. The relation between the time at home with mental health was stronger among female participants than among male participants. Correlations between female depression, anxiety, and time at home were significant. Conclusions: Lockdown and distance learning contributed to the high levels of depression in university students. This research highlights the importance of time spent at home for mental health being during the pandemic and the importance of distinguishing between urban and suburban settings when formulating public health recommendations. Quality of time spent at home versus time spent outside differentiated the mental well-being of students located in different environments. Staying at home may be recommended for students without access to safe outdoor places as it is associated with lower levels of depression.
Keywords: COVID-19; depression; anxiety; mobile health; home stay; GPS; smart phone; PHQ-9; GAD-7 COVID-19; depression; anxiety; mobile health; home stay; GPS; smart phone; PHQ-9; GAD-7

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MDPI and ACS Style

Ayranci, P.; Bandera, C.; Phan, N.; Jin, R.; Li, D.; Kenne, D. Distinguishing the Effect of Time Spent at Home during COVID-19 Pandemic on the Mental Health of Urban and Suburban College Students Using Cell Phone Geolocation. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 7513. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127513

AMA Style

Ayranci P, Bandera C, Phan N, Jin R, Li D, Kenne D. Distinguishing the Effect of Time Spent at Home during COVID-19 Pandemic on the Mental Health of Urban and Suburban College Students Using Cell Phone Geolocation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(12):7513. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127513

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ayranci, Pelin, Cesar Bandera, NhatHai Phan, Ruoming Jin, Dong Li, and Deric Kenne. 2022. "Distinguishing the Effect of Time Spent at Home during COVID-19 Pandemic on the Mental Health of Urban and Suburban College Students Using Cell Phone Geolocation" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 12: 7513. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127513

APA Style

Ayranci, P., Bandera, C., Phan, N., Jin, R., Li, D., & Kenne, D. (2022). Distinguishing the Effect of Time Spent at Home during COVID-19 Pandemic on the Mental Health of Urban and Suburban College Students Using Cell Phone Geolocation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(12), 7513. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127513

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