First Report on the Co-Occurrence and Clustering Profiles of Cardiovascular Lifestyle Risk Factors among Adults in Burkina Faso
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Setting, Type, and Population
2.2. Data Collection and Measurement
2.3. Study Variables
2.3.1. Sociodemographic Variables
2.3.2. Lifestyle Risk Factors
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Study Population
3.2. Prevalence and Determinants of the Co-Occurrence of Lifestyle Risk Factors
3.3. Clustering Profiles of the CVD Risk Factors
4. Discussion
4.1. Key findings
4.2. Co-Occurrence of Lifestyle Risk Factors
4.3. Clustering Profiles of Lifestyle Risk Factors
4.4. Strength and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | All n (% *) | Women n (% *) | Men n (% *) |
---|---|---|---|
All participants | 4377 (100.0) | 2287 (100.0) | 2090 (100.0) |
Sexes | |||
Women | 2287 (54.6) | ||
Men | 2090 (45.4) | ||
Age group, years | |||
25–34 | 1996 (42.2) | 1110 (45.5) | 886 (38.1) |
35–44 | 1092 (27.7) | 568 (27.4) | 524 (28.1) |
45–54 | 783 (18.7) | 390 (17.4) | 393 (20.2) |
55–64 | 506 (11.5) | 219 (9.7) | 287 (13.6) |
Marital status | |||
Single | 593 (12.4) | 270 (11.1) | 323 (14.0) |
Married | 3784 (87.6) | 2017 (88.9) | 1767 (86.0) |
Completed level of education | |||
No formal school | 3384 (77.6) | 1853 (81.3) | 1531 (73.1) |
Primary school | 685 (15.4) | 298 (13.1) | 387 (18.2) |
Secondary or higher | 308 (7.0) | 136 55.6) | 172 (8.7) |
Profession | |||
Wage earner | 244 (5.6) | 77 (3.3) | 167 (8.4) |
Self-employed | 3006 (65.9) | 1180 (49.2) | 1826 (86.1) |
Jobless | 1127 (28.4) | 1030 (47.5) | 97 (5.5) |
Residence | |||
Urban | 990 (28.0) | 553 (29.6) | 437 (26.0) |
Rural | 3387 (72.0) | 1734 (70.4) | 1653 (74.0) |
Characteristics | n | Overall | Men | Women |
---|---|---|---|---|
% (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | ||
All participants | 4377 | 46.4 (43.1–49.7) | 53.7 (49.8–57.6) | 40.3 (36.5–44.2) |
Sex | ||||
Women | 2287 | 40.3 (36.5–44.2) | ||
Men | 2090 | 53.7 (49.8–57.6) | ||
Age group, years | ||||
25–34 | 1996 | 41.5 (37.5–45.7) | 53.6 (48.5–58.7) | 33.1 (28.2–38.3) |
35–44 | 1092 | 44.6 (40.1–49.1) | 50.2 (44.3–56.1) | 39.7 (34.4–45.4) |
45–54 | 783 | 52.6 (47.3–57.8) | 53.5 (46.5–60.4) | 51.7 (44.1–59.2) |
55–64 | 506 | 58.5 (52.6–64.1) | 61.4 (53.8–68.5) | 55.0 (44.1–59.2) |
Marital status | ||||
Single | 593 | 54.7 (48.3–61.0) | 61.0 (52.9–68.5) | 48.1 (39.5–56.8) |
Married | 3784 | 45.2 (41.8–48.6) | 52.5 (48.4–56.6) | 39.3 (35.3–43.4) |
Completed level of education | ||||
No formal school | 3384 | 44.0 (40.4–47.7) | 50.6 (46.2–55.0) | 39.1 (34.8–43.5) |
Primary school | 685 | 51.4 (46.2–56.5) | 58.6 (51.4–65.5) | 43.0 (36.6–49.7) |
Secondary or higher | 308 | 61.7 (52.8–70.0) | 69.6 (59.1–78.4) | 51.5 (40.7–62.0) |
Profession | ||||
Wage earner | 244 | 58.3 (50.0–66.2) | 64.5 (55.5–72.6) | 45.3 (31.2–60.2) |
Self-employed | 3006 | 48.6 (44.5–52.7) | 52.3 (47.9–56.6) | 43.2 (37.3–49.2) |
Jobless | 1127 | 38.9 (34.5–43.5) | 59.4 (45.3–72.0) | 36.9 (32.4–41.7) |
Residence | ||||
Urban | 990 | 51.6 (45.8–57.3) | 62.1 (55.5–68.2) | 43.9 (37.1–50.9) |
Rural | 3387 | 44.3 (40.4–48.3) | 50.7 (46.1–55.4) | 38.8 (34.2–43.6) |
Characteristics | n | PR (95% CI) | p | aPR (95% CI) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
All participants | 4377 | ||||
Sex | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
Women | 2287 | 1 | 1 | ||
Men | 2090 | 1.36 (1.25–1.48) | 1.27 (1.16–1.38) | ||
Age group, years | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
25–34 | 1996 | 1 | 1 | ||
35–44 | 1092 | 1.11 (0.99–1.22) | 1.10 (1.01–1.20) | ||
45–54 | 783 | 1.23 (1.10–1.38) | 1.23 (1.12–1.35) | ||
55–64 | 506 | 1.48 (1.31–1.68) | 1.45 (1.31–1.60) | ||
Marital status | 0.024 | 0.054 | |||
Single | 593 | 1 | 1 | ||
arried | 3784 | 0.87 (0.78–0.98) | 0.90 (0.82–1.00) | ||
Completed level of education | 0.026 | 0.014 | |||
No formal school | 3384 | 1 | 1 | ||
Primary school | 685 | 1.04 (0.92–1.17) | 1.05 (0.95–1.16) | ||
Secondary or higher | 308 | 1.25 (1.06–1.48) | 1.29 (1.09–1.52) | ||
Profession | <0.001 | 0.10 | |||
Wage earner | 244 | 1 | 1 | ||
Self-employed | 3006 | 0.93 (0.78–1.12) | 1.09 (0.93–1.26) | ||
Jobless | 1127 | 0.72 (0.58–0.87) | 0.97 (0.81–1.14) | ||
Residence | 0.147 | 0.071 | |||
Urban | 990 | 1 | 1 | ||
Rural | 3387 | 0.86 (0.71–1.05) | 0.90 (0.80–1.01) |
Number of Risk Factors | Tobacco Use | Alcohol Use | Inadequate Fruit and Vegetable Intake | Low Physical Activity | All (n = 4377) | Women (n = 2287) | Men (n = 2090) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
O (%) | E (%) | O/E (95% CI) | O (%) | E (%) | O/E (95% CI) | O (%) | E (%) | O/E (95% CI) | |||||
0 | − | − | − | − | 2.47 | 1.98 | 1.24 (1.04–1.47) | 2.89 | 2.41 | 1.20 (0.95–1.49) | 2.01 | 1.64 | 1.24 (0.92–1.62) |
1 | + | - | − | − | 0.39 | 0.47 | 0.82 (0.45–1.38) | 0.22 | 0.32 | 0.69 (0.12–1.75) | 0.57 | 0.66 | 0.92 (0.46–1.64) |
1 | − | + | − | − | 1.03 | 0.76 | 1.36 (1.04–1.74) | 1.49 | 0.79 | 1.89 (1.44–2.0) | 0.53 | 0.76 | 0.70 (0.31–1.43) |
1 | − | − | + | − | 49.47 | 47.58 | 1.04 (1.00–1.08) | 55.53 | 52.63 | 1.06 (0.99–1.11) | 42.84 | 40.00 | 1.07 (1.00–1.14) |
1 | − | − | − | + | 0.27 | 0.35 | 0.77 (0.34–1.42) | 0.48 | 0.51 | 0.94 (0.43–1.67) | 0.05 | 0.28 | 0.0 (0.0–3.69) |
2 | − | − | + | + | 8.62. | 8.34 | 1.03 (0.93–1.14) | 10.28 | 11.17 | 0.92 (0.80–1.05) | 6.80. | 6.83 | 0.99 (0.83–1.17) |
2 | + | + | − | − | 0.50 | 0.18 | 2.77 (2.12–3.56) | 0.26 | 0.10 | 2.55 (1.40–4.12) | 0.77 | 0.30 | 2.57 (1.79–3.40) |
2 | + | − | − | + | 0.02 | 0.08 | 0.25 (0.0–3.69) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.45 (0.00–3.69) | |
2 | + | − | + | − | 9.69 | 11.38 | 0.85 (0.76–0.94) | 4.63 | 6.9 | 0.67 (0.52–0.84) | 15.22 | 16.03 | 0.95 (0.85–1.06) |
2 | − | + | − | + | 0.09 | 0.13 | 0.68 (0.15–2.19) | 0.09 | 0.17 | 0.52 (0.01–2.78) | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.77 (0.01–2.79) |
2 | − | + | + | − | 15.43 | 18.32 | 0.84 (0.77–0.91) | 15.78 | 17.11 | 0.92 (0.83–1.03) | 15.03 | 18.58 | 0.81 (0.71–0.91) |
3 | − | + | + | + | 2.65 | 3.21 | 0.84 (0.67–1.01) | 2.32 | 3.63 | 0.64 (0.44–0.89) | 3.02 | 3.17 | 0.95 (0.72–1.22) |
3 | + | − | + | + | 1.28 | 2.00 | 0.64 (0.45–0.89) | 1.31 | 1.46 | 0.90 (0.59–1.30) | 1.24 | 2.73 | 0.46 (0.24–0.80) |
3 | + | + | + | − | 6.92 | 4.38 | 1.58 (1.44–1.73) | 3.76 | 2.23 | 1.68 (1.41–1.97) | 10.39 | 7.44 | 1.39 (1.24–1.56) |
3 | + | + | − | + | |||||||||
4 | + | + | + | + | 1.17 | 0.77 | 1.51 (1.19–1.89) | 0.96 | 0.48 | 2.02 (1.49–2.74) | 1.39 | 1.27 | 1.10 (0.75–1.56) |
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Cissé, K.; Samadoulougou, S.; Coppieters, Y.; Bonnechère, B.; Zabsonré, P.; Kirakoya-Samadoulougou, F.; Kouanda, S. First Report on the Co-Occurrence and Clustering Profiles of Cardiovascular Lifestyle Risk Factors among Adults in Burkina Faso. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 8225. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148225
Cissé K, Samadoulougou S, Coppieters Y, Bonnechère B, Zabsonré P, Kirakoya-Samadoulougou F, Kouanda S. First Report on the Co-Occurrence and Clustering Profiles of Cardiovascular Lifestyle Risk Factors among Adults in Burkina Faso. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(14):8225. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148225
Chicago/Turabian StyleCissé, Kadari, Sékou Samadoulougou, Yves Coppieters, Bruno Bonnechère, Patrice Zabsonré, Fati Kirakoya-Samadoulougou, and Seni Kouanda. 2022. "First Report on the Co-Occurrence and Clustering Profiles of Cardiovascular Lifestyle Risk Factors among Adults in Burkina Faso" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 14: 8225. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148225