Knowledge, Attitudes, and Stigma: The Perceptions of Tuberculosis in Equatorial Guinea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Population
2.2. Study Design, Sample, and Data Collection
2.3. Variables
2.3.1. Knowledge Score
2.3.2. Attitudes Score
2.3.3. Stigma Score
2.3.4. Socio-Economic Factors
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Factors Associated to TB Knowledge
3.2. Factors Associated to TB Attitudes
3.3. Factors Associated to TB Stigma
4. Discussion
4.1. Knowledge
4.2. Attitudes
4.3. Stigma
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Total (n = 770) | Rural (n = 210) | Urban (n = 560) | p-Value * |
---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
Sex | 0.008 | |||
Female | 408 (53.0) | 95 (45.2) | 313 (55.9) | |
Male | 362 (47.0) | 115 (54.8) | 247 (44.1) | |
Age | 0.002 | |||
≤45 years | 384 (49.9) | 86 (41.0) | 298 (53.2) | |
>45 years | 386 (50.1) | 124 (59.0) | 262 (46.8) | |
Marital status | 0.043 | |||
Widowed | 103 (13.4) | 37 (17.6) | 66 (11.8) | |
Married | 413 (53.6) | 116 (55.2) | 297 (53.0) | |
Single | 243 (31.6) | 53 (25.2) | 190 (33.9) | |
Divorced/separated | 11 (1.4) | 4 (1.9) | 7 (1.3) | |
Educational status | <0.001 | |||
Primary and lower | 265 (34.4) | 98 (46.7) | 167 (29.8) | |
Secondary | 174 (22.6) | 52 (24.8) | 122 (21.8) | |
Above secondary | 331 (43.0) | 60 (28.6) | 271 (48.4) | |
Religion | 0.001 | |||
Catholic | 616 (80.0) | 185 (88.1) | 431 (77.0) | |
Other religions | 154 (20.0) | 25 (11.9) | 129 (23.0) | |
Wage-employment | <0.001 | |||
Yes | 223 (29.0) | 40 (19.0) | 183 (32.7) | |
No | 547 (71.0) | 170 (81.0) | 377 (67.3) | |
Wealth | <0.001 | |||
Poorest | 154 (20.0) | 110 (52.4) | 44 (7.9) | |
Second | 153 (19.9) | 67 (31.9) | 86 (15.4) | |
Middle | 155 (20.1) | 14 (6.7) | 141 (25.2) | |
Fourth | 152 (19.7) | 12 (5.7) | 140 (25.0) | |
Richest | 156 (20.3) | 7 (3.3) | 149 (26.6) | |
Overcrowding index | <0.001 | |||
≤1.4 points | 385 (50.0) | 140 (66.7) | 245 (43.8) | |
>1.4 points | 385 (50.0) | 70 (33.3) | 315 (56.3) | |
Population type | 0.110 | |||
Non-TB cases | 486 (63.1) | 144 (68.6) | 342 (61.1) | |
TB case in the family | 254 (33.0) | 61 (29.0) | 193 (34.5) | |
TB case | 30 (3.9) | 5 (2.4) | 25 (4.5) |
Variable (Reference) | High Knowledge | Good Attitude | Low Stigma |
---|---|---|---|
PR (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | |
Sex (Male) | |||
Female | 0.75 (0.62–0.91) | ||
Age (over 45 years old) | |||
45 years and less | 1.30 (1.06–1.60) | ||
TB case in the household (Non-TB cases) | |||
TB case | 2.48 (1.87–3.30) | ||
TB case in the family | 1.49 (1.22–1.81) | ||
Religion (Other religions) | |||
Catholic | 1.35 (1.04–1.76) | ||
Wage-employment (No) | |||
Yes | 1.21 (1.02–1.44) | ||
Education level (Primary and lower) | |||
Secondary | 1.20 (0.90–1.60) | ||
Above secondary | 1.37 (1.06–1.78) | ||
Wealth (Poor) | |||
Second to richest | 1.39 (1.01–1.92) | ||
Do you feel well informed about TB? (Yes) | |||
No | 0.69 (0.58–0.83) | ||
Where have you heard about TB? (No) | |||
Radio—Yes | 1.32 (1.05–1.65) | ||
TV—Yes | 0.76 (0.59–0.98) | ||
Billboards—Yes | 1.86 (1.21–2.85) | ||
Family, friends, neighbors, colleagues—Yes | 1.46 (1.20–1.77) | ||
TB knowledge Score (Low) | 1.38 (1.15–1.67) | 1.34 (1.13–1.59) |
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Vericat-Ferrer, M.; Ayala, A.; Ncogo, P.; Eyene-Acuresila, J.; García, B.; Benito, A.; Romay-Barja, M. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Stigma: The Perceptions of Tuberculosis in Equatorial Guinea. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 8227. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148227
Vericat-Ferrer M, Ayala A, Ncogo P, Eyene-Acuresila J, García B, Benito A, Romay-Barja M. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Stigma: The Perceptions of Tuberculosis in Equatorial Guinea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(14):8227. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148227
Chicago/Turabian StyleVericat-Ferrer, Marta, Alba Ayala, Policarpo Ncogo, Juan Eyene-Acuresila, Belén García, Agustín Benito, and María Romay-Barja. 2022. "Knowledge, Attitudes, and Stigma: The Perceptions of Tuberculosis in Equatorial Guinea" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 14: 8227. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148227