How Job Demands and Resources Relate to Experiences of Bullying and Negative Acts among University Employees
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. The Nordic Academic Work Sector
1.2. The Job Demand Resources Theory
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Collection
2.1.1. Measurements
2.1.2. The Dependent Variables
2.2. Statistical Analyses
2.2.1. The Relation between Pre-Bullying and Self-Reported Bullying
2.2.2. The Interpretation of the NAQ-R and the Other Measurements
2.2.3. Modelling the Effects of Resources and Demands on NAQ-R
3. Results
3.1. The Relation between Pre-Bullying and Self-Reported Bullying
3.2. The Interpretation of the NAQ-R and the Other Measurements
3.3. Modelling the Effects of Resources and Demands on Negative Acts
3.3.1. General Model
3.3.2. Administrative versus Scientific Staff
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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NAQ-R Questions | Correlation | Value | Standard Error | t | Pr > |t| |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(NAQ-1) Someone withholding information that affects your job performance (work-related bullying) | 0.350 | −0.023 | 0.033 | −0.688 | 0.492 |
(NAQ-2) Repeated reminders of your errors or mistakes (person-related bullying) | 0.435 | 0.045 | 0.037 | 1.219 | 0.223 |
(NAQ-3) Persistent criticism of your job efforts (work-related bullying) | 0.430 | 0.081 | 0.036 | 2.248 | 0.025 |
(NAQ-4) Having been deprived of important responsibilities, being ordered to do work below your level of competence (work-related bullying) | 0.376 | 0.075 | 0.032 | 2.335 | 0.020 |
(NAQ-5) Being shouted at or being the target of spontaneous anger (physical intimidating bullying) | 0.421 | 0.086 | 0.033 | 2.642 | 0.008 |
(NAQ-6) Hostility or silence in response to questions or attempts at conversation (person-related bullying) | 0.488 | 0.104 | 0.038 | 2.781 | 0.006 |
(NAQ-7) Having your opinions ignored (work-related bullying) | 0.425 | −0.013 | 0.037 | −0.338 | 0.736 |
(NAQ-8) Having gossip and rumours spread about you (person-related bullying) | 0.543 | 0.208 | 0.039 | 5.383 | <0.0001 |
(NAQ-9) Having insulting or offensive remarks made about your person, attitudes, or private life (person-related bullying) | 0.496 | 0.057 | 0.039 | 1.474 | 0.141 |
(NAQ-10) Being the subject of excessive teasing and sarcasm (person-related bullying) | 0.446 | 0.174 | 0.036 | 4.856 | <0.0001 |
(NAQ-11) Being ignored or excluded from the social community at work (person-related bullying) | 0.472 | 0.157 | 0.034 | 4.644 | <0.0001 |
(NAQ-12) Practical jokes carried out by people you do not get along with (person-related bullying) | 0.350 | −0.085 | 0.035 | −2.458 | 0.014 |
(a) | ||||||
Self-Reported Bullying | Observed Bullying | |||||
Scientific Staff | 6.4 | 23.8 | ||||
Administrative Staff | 2.6 | 14.1 | ||||
Difference | 3.8 | 9.7 | ||||
Significance | X | X | ||||
(b) | ||||||
NAQ-1 | NAQ-2 | NAQ-3 | NAQ-4 | NAQ-5 | NAQ-6 | |
Scientific Staff | 42.7 | 14.2 | 14.2 | 16.7 | 18.0 | 19.8 |
Administrative Staff | 37.0 | 14.1 | 10.9 | 16.4 | 16.7 | 12.5 |
Difference | 5.7 | 0.1 | 3.3 | 0.3 | 1.3 | 7.2 |
Significance | X | |||||
NAQ-7 | NAQ-8 | NAQ-9 | NAQ-10 | NAQ-11 | NAQ-12 | |
Scientific Staff | 35.6 | 20.0 | 17.1 | 8.4 | 13.8 | 8.9 |
Administrative Staff | 23.8 | 9.3 | 9.3 | 8.0 | 7.4 | 7.4 |
Difference | 11.8 | 10.7 | 7.8 | 0.4 | 6.4 | 1.5 |
Significance | X | X | X | X |
(a) | |||||
R2 | F | Pr > F | R2 (Bootstrap) | Standard Error | |
0.447 | 371.893 | 0 | 0.455 | 0.03 | |
(b) | |||||
Latent Variable | Value | Standard Error | t | Pr > |t| | Contribution to R2 (%) |
Resources | −0.146 | 0.031 | −4.664 | 0 | 14.331 |
Demands | 0.568 | 0.031 | 18.136 | 0 | 85.669 |
Latent Variable | Value | Standard Error | Pr > |t| | Correlation | Path Coefficient | Contribution to R2 (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Administrative personnel | Resources | −0.193 | 0.057 | 0.001 | −0.497 | −0.193 | 24.686 |
Demands | 0.483 | 0.057 | 0.000 | 0.604 | 0.483 | 75.314 | |
Scientific personnel | Resources | −0.121 | 0.045 | 0.007 | −0.487 | −0.121 | 13.016 |
Demands | 0.591 | 0.045 | 0.000 | 0.666 | 0.591 | 86.984 |
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Bjaalid, G.; Menichelli, E.; Liu, D. How Job Demands and Resources Relate to Experiences of Bullying and Negative Acts among University Employees. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 8460. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148460
Bjaalid G, Menichelli E, Liu D. How Job Demands and Resources Relate to Experiences of Bullying and Negative Acts among University Employees. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(14):8460. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148460
Chicago/Turabian StyleBjaalid, Gunhild, Elena Menichelli, and Dian Liu. 2022. "How Job Demands and Resources Relate to Experiences of Bullying and Negative Acts among University Employees" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 14: 8460. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148460