Occupational Exposure among Electronic Repair Workers in Ghana
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site
2.2. Design
2.3. Sample Collection
2.4. Air Filter Dissolution and Measurement of Elements
2.5. Statistics
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Workroom Air Concentrations
4.2. Ranked Principal Component Analysis
4.3. Associations between Workroom Air and Biological Concentrations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Element | Median | GM ± GSD | Minimum | Maximum | LOD a | % < LOD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ag | 1.0 | 1 ± 3 | 0.2 | 76 | 0.04 | 0 |
As | 1.9 | 2 ± 2 | 0.3 | 14 | 0.2 | 0 |
Bi | 0.4 | 0.3 ± 4 | <LOD | 29 | 0.05 | 13 |
Cd | 0.3 | 0.4 ± 3 | <LOD | 13.4 | 0.02 | 36 |
Ce | 5.4 | 5 ± 2 | 1.4 | 28 | 0.07 | 0 |
Co | 1.4 | 1 ± 2 | <LOD | 4.8 | 0.2 | 3 |
Cu | 78 | 81 ± 2 | <LOD | 583 | 31 | 9 |
Fe b | 6.5 | 6.3 ± 0.001 | 1.9 | 41 | 0.3 | 0 |
Ga | 3.1 | 3 ± 2 | 0.8 | 8.2 | 0.08 | 0 |
Hg c | 0.2 | 0.2 ± 3 | <LOD | 1.4 | 0.1 | 30 |
La | 1.8 | 1 ± 3 | <LOD | 6.8 | 0.05 | 3 |
Mn | 94 | 90 ± 2 | 23 | 269 | 3.7 | 0 |
Nd | 1.1 | 1 ± 5 | <LOD | 5.5 | 0.04 | 11 |
Ni | <LOD | 27 ± 2 | <LOD | 272 | 27 | 55 |
Pb | 147 | 157 ± 3 | 13 | 4.2 × 103 | 0.9 | 0 |
Sb | 8.0 | 9 ± 3 | 1.0 | 764 | 0.1 | 0 |
Sc | 0.4 | 0.4 ± 2 | <LOD | 4.2 | 0.3 | 41 |
Sn | 107 | 116 ± 4 | 2.4 | 4.3 × 103 | 1.3 | 0 |
Tl | 0.06 | 0.05 ± 2 | <LOD | 0.4 | 0.03 | 17 |
V | 13 | 13 ± 2 | 3 | 92 | 0.3 | 0 |
Y | 0.9 | 0.5 ± 7 | <LOD | 23 | 0.05 | 25 |
Zn | 271 | 340 ± 2 | 67 | 4.3 × 103 | 23 | 0 |
Rotated Component | Proportion Variance | Elements | Possible Work Sources |
---|---|---|---|
RC1 | 0.38 | Nd, Ce, Mn, La, Sc, V, Ga, Fe, Y, Co | Batteries, magnets, and steel |
RC2 | 0.25 | Sb, Pb, Sn, Bi, Cu, Zn | Soldering, printed circuit boards |
RC3 | 0.06 | Cd | |
RC4 | 0.10 | Ni |
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Eriksen Hammer, S.; Dorn, S.L.; Dartey, E.; Berlinger, B.; Thomassen, Y.; Ellingsen, D.G. Occupational Exposure among Electronic Repair Workers in Ghana. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 8477. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148477
Eriksen Hammer S, Dorn SL, Dartey E, Berlinger B, Thomassen Y, Ellingsen DG. Occupational Exposure among Electronic Repair Workers in Ghana. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(14):8477. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148477
Chicago/Turabian StyleEriksen Hammer, Stine, Stephen L. Dorn, Emmanuel Dartey, Balázs Berlinger, Yngvar Thomassen, and Dag G. Ellingsen. 2022. "Occupational Exposure among Electronic Repair Workers in Ghana" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 14: 8477. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148477