Association of Environmental Elements with Respondents’ Behaviors in Open Spaces Using the Direct Gradient Analysis Method: A Case Study of Jining, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Sources and Collection
2.2.1. Redefining “Open Space”
2.2.2. Stratification
2.2.3. Sampling
2.2.4. Data Collection
2.2.5. Identification of Evaluation Factors
2.2.6. Direct Gradient Analysis of Correlation between Open Spaces and Respondents’ Behaviors in Jining
2.3. Analysis Models
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Information on Respondents
3.2. Verification
3.2.1. Validating Research Method
3.2.2. Walking Accessibility
3.2.3. POI Kernel-Density Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. Characteristics of the DGA
4.2. Discussion on the Environmental Elements and Respondents’ Behaviors in Open Spaces
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Major Category | Subcategory | Definition | Rating Description |
---|---|---|---|
Environmental quality | Safety | Security situation and disaster-prevention facilities. | Very unsatisfied = 1 point Unsatisfied = 2 points Fair = 3 points Satisfied = 4 points Very satisfied = 5 points |
Cleanliness | Clean and without pollution or noise. | ||
Beauty | Buildings and landscapes are pleasing to the eye. | ||
Convenience | Places are easily accessible. | ||
Ancillary facilities | Leisure facilities | Public chairs, pavilions, fitness equipment, tree shades, drinking-water systems, etc. | |
Catering facilities | Convenience stores, restaurants, pubs, etc. | ||
Entertainment facilities | Chess and card rooms, ballrooms, karaoke televisions, swimming pools, etc. | ||
Tourist facilities | Hotels, health resorts, parking lots, etc. | ||
Canal culture | Canal landscape conservation | Scenic features of the canal are preserved. | |
Canal cultural atmosphere | Jining’s unique canal cultural connotations, including folk culture and artistic forms. | No perception at all = 1 point Not strong = 2 points Moderate = 3 points Strong = 4 points Very strong = 5 points |
Sample Point | Types of Behaviors at 12 Sample Points (%) | Specific Values of POI Kernel-Density Analyses of 12 Sample Points (per km2) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Physical Exercise | Cultural Activities | Meeting Friends | Parent–Child Activities | Sightseeing | Passing through | Other | Catering Facilities | Entertainment Facilities | Tourism Facilities | ||
1 | Wanda Plaza | 13.33 | 6.67 | 20.00 | 13.33 | 23.33 | 6.67 | 16.67 | 889.44 | 87.24 | 1550.40 |
2 | Yunhe Mall | 63.33 | 6.67 | 10.00 | 6.67 | 0.00 | 13.33 | 0.00 | 742.76 | 18.56 | 863.69 |
3 | Huanbiquan Road | 3.33 | 10.00 | 20.00 | 13.33 | 0.00 | 40.00 | 13.33 | 137.15 | 10.10 | 433.94 |
4 | People’s Park | 44.83 | 6.90 | 13.79 | 13.79 | 10.34 | 0.00 | 10.34 | 409.18 | 20.90 | 296.05 |
5 | Nanchi Park | 36.67 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 33.33 | 23.33 | 0.00 | 6.67 | 78.79 | 5.39 | 243.42 |
6 | Guanghe Park | 66.67 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 26.67 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 6.67 | 314.69 | 6.02 | 469.85 |
7 | Xianying green space | 70.97 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 9.68 | 16.13 | 3.23 | 0.00 | 159.61 | 7.80 | 409.64 |
8 | Tieta Temple | 6.67 | 10.00 | 23.33 | 20.00 | 0.00 | 10.00 | 30.00 | 388.62 | 19.86 | 405.27 |
9 | Yunhe Shengshi | 13.33 | 6.67 | 26.67 | 20.00 | 3.33 | 23.33 | 6.67 | 321.26 | 12.84 | 809.70 |
10 | Kuaihuolin riverside green space | 43.33 | 6.67 | 0.00 | 10.00 | 0.00 | 6.67 | 33.33 | 173.97 | 6.06 | 560.37 |
11 | Huijingyuan | 16.67 | 0.00 | 6.67 | 20.00 | 0.00 | 43.33 | 13.33 | 141.63 | 3.24 | 277.69 |
12 | Guiheyuan | 16.67 | 6.67 | 13.33 | 10.00 | 6.67 | 20.00 | 26.67 | 209.96 | 13.89 | 685.02 |
Sample Point | Safety | Cleanliness | Beauty | Convenience | Leisure Facilities | Catering Facilities | Entertainment Facilities | Tourism Facilities | Canal Landscape Conservation | Canal Cultural Atmosphere |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wanda Plaza | 90.00 | 96.67 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 80.00 | 96.67 | 93.33 | 76.67 | 96.67 | 86.67 |
Yunhe Mall | 93.33 | 93.33 | 83.33 | 86.67 | 93.33 | 90.00 | 46.67 | 56.67 | 100.00 | 76.67 |
Huanbiquan Road | 70.00 | 80.00 | 73.33 | 90.00 | 66.67 | 46.67 | 33.33 | 36.67 | 83.33 | 86.67 |
People’s Park | 93.10 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 89.66 | 86.21 | 79.31 | 41.38 | 58.62 | 89.66 | 96.55 |
Nanchi Park | 93.33 | 96.67 | 96.67 | 86.67 | 63.33 | 16.67 | 36.67 | 36.67 | 56.67 | 46.67 |
Guanghe Park | 96.67 | 100.00 | 80.00 | 73.33 | 60.00 | 46.67 | 56.67 | 16.67 | 96.67 | 50.00 |
Xianying green space | 100.00 | 96.77 | 90.32 | 93.33 | 38.71 | 3.23 | 3.23 | 19.35 | 93.55 | 93.55 |
Tieta Temple | 100.00 | 83.33 | 70.00 | 100.00 | 30.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 20.00 | 83.33 | 100.00 |
Yunhe Shengshi | 96.67 | 93.33 | 83.33 | 80.00 | 90.00 | 73.33 | 60.00 | 33.33 | 83.33 | 66.67 |
Kuaihuolin riverside green space | 90.00 | 96.67 | 86.67 | 70.00 | 56.67 | 20.00 | 13.33 | 30.00 | 83.33 | 73.33 |
Huijingyuan | 83.33 | 90.00 | 80.00 | 73.33 | 80.00 | 70.00 | 33.33 | 20.00 | 43.33 | 70.00 |
Guiheyuan | 93.33 | 96.67 | 80.00 | 76.67 | 63.33 | 46.67 | 33.33 | 36.67 | 63.33 | 63.33 |
Convenience Satisfaction | 5 min. | 10 min. | 15 min. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Convenience satisfaction | Pearson Correlation | 1 | 0.446 | 0.816 ** | 0.402 |
Significance (two-tailed) | 0.146 | 0.001 | 0.195 | ||
n = 12 | n = 12 | n = 12 | n = 12 | ||
5 min. | Pearson Correlation | 0.446 | 1 | 0.666 * | 0.411 |
Significance (two-tailed) | 0.146 | 0.018 | 0.185 | ||
n = 12 | n = 12 | n = 12 | n = 12 | ||
10 min. | Pearson Correlation | 0.816 ** | 0.666 * | 1 | 0.722 ** |
Significance (two-tailed) | 0.001 | 0.018 | 0.008 | ||
n = 12 | n = 12 | n = 12 | n = 12 | ||
15 min. | Pearson Correlation | 0.402 | 0.411 | 0.722 ** | 1 |
Significance (two-tailed) | 0.195 | 0.185 | 0.008 | ||
n = 12 | n = 12 | n = 12 | 12 |
Catering Facilities | Kernel Density | Satisfaction | |
---|---|---|---|
Kernel density | Pearson Correlation | 1 | 0.650 * |
Significance (two-tailed) | 0.022 | ||
N | 12 | 12 | |
Satisfaction | Pearson Correlation | 0.650 * | 1 |
Significance (two-tailed) | 0.022 | ||
N | 12 | 12 | |
Entertainment facilities | Kernel density | Satisfaction | |
Kernel density | Pearson Correlation | 1 | 0.656 * |
Significance (two-tailed) | 0.020 | ||
N | 12 | 12 | |
Satisfaction | Pearson Correlation | 0.656 * | 1 |
Significance (two-tailed) | 0.020 | ||
N | 12 | 12 | |
Tourism facilities | Kernel density | Satisfaction | |
Kernel density | Pearson Correlation | 1 | 0.681 * |
Significance (two-tailed) | 0.015 | ||
N | 12 | 12 | |
Satisfaction | Pearson Correlation | 0.681 * | 1 |
Significance (two-tailed) | 0.015 | ||
N | 12 | 12 |
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Zhao, J.; Wang, L.; Ye, Q.; Zhao, Q.; Wei, S. Association of Environmental Elements with Respondents’ Behaviors in Open Spaces Using the Direct Gradient Analysis Method: A Case Study of Jining, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 8494. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148494
Zhao J, Wang L, Ye Q, Zhao Q, Wei S. Association of Environmental Elements with Respondents’ Behaviors in Open Spaces Using the Direct Gradient Analysis Method: A Case Study of Jining, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(14):8494. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148494
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao, Jing, Linshen Wang, Qing Ye, Qiang Zhao, and Shutong Wei. 2022. "Association of Environmental Elements with Respondents’ Behaviors in Open Spaces Using the Direct Gradient Analysis Method: A Case Study of Jining, China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 14: 8494. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148494