Reconciling Work and Family Demands and Related Psychosocial Risk and Support Factors among Working Families: A Finnish National Survey Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Data Material
2.2. Measures
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. The Association between Perceived Psychosocial Risk and Support Factors in the Work and Family Settings and FIW/WIF
4. Discussion
4.1. Strengths and Limitations
4.2. Implications for Research and Practice
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Response Category | N (%) |
---|---|---|
Work–family conflict | ||
Family interference with work (FIW) | Reported FIW | 963 (67.4) |
Reported no FIW | 452 (31.6) | |
N/A | 15 (1.0) | |
Work interference with family (WIF) | WIF | 1045 (73.1) |
No WIF | 378 (26.4) | |
N/A | 7 (0.5) | |
Socio-demographic and workplace characteristics | ||
Age | 20–34 | 284 (19.8) |
35–44 | 659 (46.1) | |
45–54 | 428 (29.9) | |
55–67 | 60 (4.2) | |
Gender | Woman | 690 (48.2) |
Man | 741 (51.8) | |
Educational level | Low | 750 (52.4) |
High | 681 (47.6) | |
Temporal flexibility | Fixed | 431 (30.1) |
Flexible | 1000 (69.9) | |
Spatial flexibility | No telework | 934 (65.3) |
Telework | 497 (34.7) | |
Employment type | Full-time | 1312 (91.7) |
Part-time | 116 (8.1) | |
Number of subordinates | No subordinates | 1027 (71.8) |
1–9 | 233 (16.3) | |
10 or more | 169 (11.8) | |
Age of children | 0–7 years only | 420 (29.4) |
8–17 years only | 712 (49.8) | |
Mixed | 299 (20.9) |
FIW (%) | No FIW (%) | χ2 | WIF (%) | No WIF (%) | χ2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Socio-demographic and workplace characteristics | ||||||
Age | p ≤ 0.001 | p = 0.076 | ||||
20–34 | 178 (63.1) | 104 (36.9) | 204 (72.1) | 79 (27.9) | ||
35–44 | 491 (75.1) | 163 (24.9) | 501 (76.4) | 155 (23.6) | ||
45–54 | 267 (63.6) | 153 (36.4) | 302 (71.1) | 123 (28.9) | ||
55–67 | 27 (45.8) | 32 (54.2) | 38 (64.4) | 21 (35.6) | ||
Gender | p ≤ 0.001 | p = 0.051 | ||||
Woman | 502 (73.5) | 181 (26.5) | 520 (75.8) | 166 (24.2) | ||
Man | 461 (63) | 271 (37) | 525 (71.2) | 212 (28.8) | ||
Educational level | p ≤ 0.001 | p ≤ 0.001 | ||||
Low | 463 (62.6) | 277 (37.4) | 509 (68.4) | 235 (31.6) | ||
High | 500 (74.1) | 175 (25.9) | 536 (78.9) | 143 (21.1) | ||
Temporal flexibility | p = 0.345 | p = 0.237 | ||||
Fixed | 283 (66.3) | 144 (33.7) | 306 (71.3) | 123 (28.7) | ||
Flexible | 680 (68.8) | 308 (31.2) | 739 (74.3) | 255 (25.7) | ||
Spatial flexibility | p ≤ 0.001 | p ≤ 0.001 | ||||
No telework | 592 (64.2) | 330 (35.8) | 645 (69.4) | 285 (30.6) | ||
Telework | 371 (75.3) | 122 (24.7) | 400 (81.1) | 93 (18.9) | ||
Employment type | p = 0.537 | p = 0.356 | ||||
Full-time | 880 (67.9) | 416 (32.1) | 962 (73.8) | 342 (26.2) | ||
Part-time | 82 (70.7) | 34 (29.3) | 81 (69.8) | 35 (30.2) | ||
Number of subordinates | p = 0.196 | p = 0.006 | ||||
No subordinates | 688 (67.6) | 329 (32.4) | 728 (71.2) | 295 (28.8) | ||
1–9 | 167 (72.6) | 63 (27.4) | 185 (80.1) | 46 (19.9) | ||
10 or more | 107 (64.5) | 59 (35.5) | 131 (78.4) | 36 (21.6) | ||
Age of children | p = 0.014 | p = 0.018 | ||||
0–7 years only | 287 (69) | 129 (31) | 315 (75.4) | 103 (24.6) | ||
8–17 years only | 455 (64.9) | 246 (35.1) | 496 (70.3) | 210 (29.7) | ||
Mixed | 221 (74.2) | 77 (25.8) | 234 (78.3) | 65 (21.7) |
All N = 1431 | |||
---|---|---|---|
FIW | WIF | ||
Age | 20–34 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
35–44 | 0.68 (0.46–0.99) | 0.84 (0.56–1.26) | |
45–54 | 1.09 (0.68–1.73) | 0.99 (0.60–1.63) | |
55–67 | 1.23 (0.58–2.60) | 0.71 (0.32–1.59) | |
Gender | Woman | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Man | 1.53 (1.12–2.09) | 1.31 (0.94–1.83) | |
Educational level | Low | 1.00 | 1.00 |
High | 0.81 (0.61–1.08) | 0.95 (0.69–1.29) | |
Temporal flexibility | Fixed | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Flexible | 0.92 (0.68–1.25) | 0.95 (0.68–1.31) | |
Spatial flexibility | No telework | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Telework | 0.71 (0.52–0.98) | 0.74 (0.52–1.04) | |
Employment type | Full-time | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Part-time | 0.97 (0.56–1.65) | 1.14 (0.66–1.96) | |
Number of subordinates | No subordinates | 1.00 | 1.00 |
1–9 | 0.87 (0.59–1.29) | 0.84 (0.55–1.28) | |
10 or more | 1.27 (0.84–1.93) | 0.88 (0.55–1.43) | |
Age of children | 0–7 years only | 1.00 | 1.00 |
8–17 years only | 1.02 (0.69–1.51) | 1.30 (0.86–1.96) | |
Mixed | 0.83 (0.56–1.23) | 0.81 (0.53–1-24) | |
Overtime | Agree | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Disagree | 1.19 (0.88–1.60) | 1.87 (1.35–2.58) | |
Task overload | Agree | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Disagree | 1.46 (1.08–1.98) | 2.01 (1.47–2.76) | |
Work pace | Agree | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Disagree | 1.14 (0.84–1.56) | 1.41 (1.01–1.98) | |
Superior support | Never | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Sometimes | 0.96 (0.53–1.74) | 0.80 (0.42–1.50) | |
Often | 0.53 (0.30–0.91) | 0.60 (0.34–1.08) | |
Always | 0.73 (0.42–1.25) | 0.77 (0.43–1.38) | |
Co-worker support | Never | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Sometimes | 1.05 (0.41–2.66) | 1.33 (0.48–3.73) | |
Often | 1.06 (0.43–2.64) | 1.34 (0.49–3.67) | |
Always | 1.01 (0.40–2.57) | 1.36 (0.49–3.82) | |
Only part-time work | Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 |
No | 1.09 (0.77–1.55) | 0.72 (0.50–1.03) | |
Task reduction | Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 |
No | 1.20 (0.87–1.64) | 1.50 (1.07–2.10) | |
Refused more work demands | Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 |
No | 1.02 (0.73–1.44) | 1.44 (0.99–2.11) | |
Family support | Frequent conflicts | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Occasional conflicts | 6.32 (2.58–15.45) | 2.44 (1.13–5.25) | |
No conflicts anymore | 3.66 (0.81–16.68) | 0.29 (0.03–2.67) | |
No conflicts | 2.39 (0.98–5.82) | 1.09 (0.51–2.33) | |
Support from close ones | Disagree | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Agree | 1.17 (0.88–1.54) | 0.98 (0.73–1.31) | |
Hosmer and Lemeshowgoodness-of-fit test | χ2 = 7.125, df = 8, p = 0.523 | χ2 = 9.700, df = 8, p = 0.287 |
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Björk, J.M.; Nordmyr, J.; Forsman, A.K. Reconciling Work and Family Demands and Related Psychosocial Risk and Support Factors among Working Families: A Finnish National Survey Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 8566. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148566
Björk JM, Nordmyr J, Forsman AK. Reconciling Work and Family Demands and Related Psychosocial Risk and Support Factors among Working Families: A Finnish National Survey Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(14):8566. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148566
Chicago/Turabian StyleBjörk, Janina M., Johanna Nordmyr, and Anna K. Forsman. 2022. "Reconciling Work and Family Demands and Related Psychosocial Risk and Support Factors among Working Families: A Finnish National Survey Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 14: 8566. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148566