The Psychological Well-Being of Older Chinese Immigrants in Canada amidst COVID-19: The Role of Loneliness, Social Support, and Acculturation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Method
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Data Cleaning and Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sample Demographic Characteristics and Group Differences in Outcome Variables
3.2. Regression Analyses
3.2.1. Regression on WHO-5 Score
3.2.2. Regression on SWLS Scores
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Sample Size | WHO-5 | SWLS | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | M (SD) | F | p | M (SD) | F | p | ||
Age group | 65–75 | 97 (57.1) | 14.19 (3.77) | 0.40 | 0.84 | 5.26 (0.78) | 0.03 | 0.85 |
≥76 | 63 (37.5) | 14.07 (3.30) | 5.28 (0.82) | |||||
Gender | Male | 53 (31.5) | 14.54 (3.37) | 2.85 | 0.06 | 5.25 (0.76) | 0.74 | 0.48 |
Female | 106 (63.1) | 13.68 (3.67) | 5.26 (0.81) | |||||
Marital status | Single | 9 (5.4) | 13.87 (4.36) | 0.15 | 0.93 | 5.60 (0.83) | 1.06 | 0.37 |
Married | 120 (71.4) | 14.12 (3.56) | 5.27 (0.80) | |||||
Divorced | 7 (4.2) | 13.60 (4.00) | 4.91 (0.41) | |||||
Widowed | 30 (17.9) | 14.45 (3.56) | 5.34 (0.78) | |||||
Income | Low | 82 (48.8) | 13.48 (3.54) | 5.08 | 0.03 | 5.20 (0.86) | 1.55 | 0.22 |
Middle | 86 (51.2) | 14.71 (3.55) | 5.35 (0.71) | |||||
Place of origin | Mainland | 159 (94.6) | 14.08 (3.59) | 0.66 | 0.62 | 5.28 (0.79) | 0.41 | 0.80 |
Hongkong | 6 (3.1) | 13.20 (4.52) | 5.30 (0.86) | |||||
Taiwan | 1 (1.0) | 13.60 (0.00) | 4.60 (0.00) | |||||
Years living in Canada | <6 years | 31 (19) | 14.01 (3.67) | 0.03 | 0.87 | 5.26 0(.89) | 0.00 | 0.97 |
≥ 6 years | 133 (78.6) | 14.13 (3.63) | 5.27 (0.77) | |||||
Education level | ≥college | 116 (69) | 14.30 (3.57) | 0.97 | 0.33 | 5.20 (0.81) | 3.51 | 0.06 |
<college | 52 (31) | 13.71 (3.63) | 5.45 (0.72) | |||||
Citizenship | Citizen | 39 (23.2) | 14.42 (3.32) | 0.17 | 0.84 | 5.33 (0.78) | 0.22 | 0.81 |
Permanent | 119 (70.8) | 14.08 (3.67) | 5.27 (0.79) | |||||
Employment | Retired | 151 (89.9) | 14.07 (3.65) | 0.24 | 0.87 | 5.29 (0.79) | 0.57 | 0.64 |
Full-time | 4 (2.4) | 14.60 (4.68) | 4.95 (0.84) | |||||
Self-employed | 1 (0.6) | 12.00 (0.00) | 6.00 (0.00) | |||||
Religion | No | 114 (67.9) | 14.39 (3.68) | 1.75 | 0.19 | 5.30 (0.79) | 0.22 | 0.64 |
Yes | 52 (30.1) | 13.60 (3.37) | 5.23 (0.80) |
Model | Predictors | β | 95% CI (Lower, Upper) | R2 | F |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Step 1 Model | 0.14 | 5.06 *** | |||
Loneliness | −3.11 ** | −5.04, −1.18 | |||
Social Support | 1.04 * | 0.21, 1.87 | |||
Income | |||||
Middle (reference) | |||||
Low | −1.08 * | −2.11, −0.04 | |||
Gender | |||||
Female (reference) | |||||
Male | 0.35 | −0.78, 1.47 | |||
Religion | |||||
Yes (reference) | |||||
No | 0.81 | −0.32, 1.94 | |||
Step 2 Model | 0.14 | 0.81 | |||
Loneliness | −3.24 ** | −5.19, −1.29 | |||
Social Support | 0.91 * | 0.04, 1.77 | |||
Income | |||||
Middle (reference) | |||||
Low | −1.14 * | −2.19, −0.10 | |||
Gender | |||||
Female (reference) | |||||
Male | 0.42 | −0.72, 1.55 | |||
Religion | |||||
Yes (reference) | |||||
No | 0.81 | −0.32, 1.94 | |||
Acculturation | 0.31 | −0.33, 0.94 | |||
Enculturation | 0.31 | −0.52, 1.13 |
Model | Predictors | β | 95% CI (Lower, Upper) | R2 | F |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Step 1 Model | 0.13 | 8.31 *** | |||
Loneliness | −0.52 * | −0.94, −0.10 | |||
Social Support | 0.35 *** | 0.17, 0.53 | |||
Education | |||||
≥college (reference) | |||||
<college | 0.27 ** | 0.02, 0.51 | |||
Step 2 Model | 0.14 | 0.49 | |||
Loneliness | −0.54 * | −0.97, −0.12 | |||
Social Support | 0.33 *** | 0.14, 0.52 | |||
Education | |||||
≥college (reference) | |||||
<college | 0.26 * | 0.01, 0.51 | |||
Acculturation | 0.06 | −0.08, 0.20 | |||
Enculturation | 0.04 | −0.14, 0.22 |
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Su, C.; Yang, L.; Dong, L.; Zhang, W. The Psychological Well-Being of Older Chinese Immigrants in Canada amidst COVID-19: The Role of Loneliness, Social Support, and Acculturation. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 8612. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148612
Su C, Yang L, Dong L, Zhang W. The Psychological Well-Being of Older Chinese Immigrants in Canada amidst COVID-19: The Role of Loneliness, Social Support, and Acculturation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(14):8612. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148612
Chicago/Turabian StyleSu, Chang, Lixia Yang, Linying Dong, and Weiguo Zhang. 2022. "The Psychological Well-Being of Older Chinese Immigrants in Canada amidst COVID-19: The Role of Loneliness, Social Support, and Acculturation" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 14: 8612. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148612
APA StyleSu, C., Yang, L., Dong, L., & Zhang, W. (2022). The Psychological Well-Being of Older Chinese Immigrants in Canada amidst COVID-19: The Role of Loneliness, Social Support, and Acculturation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(14), 8612. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148612