Factors Associated with Delayed Diagnosis among Patients with COVID-19 in Okinawa, Japan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Data Source
2.2. Patients
2.3. Outcome Variable
2.4. Predictor Variables
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Patients
3.2. Bivariate Analysis
3.3. Multivariate Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Health Center | Jurisdictional Municipality | ||
---|---|---|---|
City | Town | Village | |
Naha City | Naha | ||
Southern | Itoman Urasoe Tomigusuku Nanjo | Nishihara Haebaru Yaese Kumejima * | Tokashiki * Zamami * Aguni * Tonaki * Minamidaito * Kitadaito * |
Central | Ginowan Okinawa Uruma | Kin Kadena Chatan | Onna Ginoza Yomitan Kitanakagusuku Nakagusuku |
Northern | Nago | Motobu | Kunigami Ogimi Higashi Nakijin Ie * Iheya * Izena * |
Miyako | Miyakojima * | Tarama * | |
Yaeyama | Ishigaki * | Taketomi * Yonaguni * |
Group | Occupations |
---|---|
Office worker | Office worker/military base worker/association staff member civil servant/administrative staff/real estate agent/educator company executive/sales position |
Hospitality worker (restaurant and service) | Restaurant business/service worker/hospitality industry salesperson |
Medical professional and care worker | Medical professional/care worker/facility staff |
Student | Student |
Construction and civil engineering worker | Construction worker/civil construction engineering worker |
Unemployed | Unemployed |
Others | Part-time worker/self-employed person/childcare worker transport worker/farmer/livestock producer/assemblyman fisherman/sailor/cleaner |
Not reported | Not reported |
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Variables | n | (%) |
---|---|---|
Sex | ||
Male | 4012 | (56.3) |
Female | 3113 | (43.7) |
Age | ||
Less than 10 | 216 | (3.0) |
10–19 | 532 | (7.5) |
20–29 | 1580 | (22.2) |
30–39 | 1065 | (14.9) |
40–49 | 1095 | (15.4) |
50–59 | 933 | (13.1) |
60–69 | 807 | (11.3) |
70–79 | 446 | (6.3) |
80–89 | 307 | (4.3) |
90 or over | 144 | (2.0) |
Jurisdictional health center | ||
Naha City | 2154 | (30.2) |
Southern | 2079 | (29.2) |
Central | 1867 | (26.2) |
Northern | 449 | (6.3) |
Miyako | 364 | (5.1) |
Yaeyama | 212 | (3.0) |
Occupation | ||
Office worker | 1887 | (26.5) |
Hospitality worker (restaurant and service) | 991 | (13.9) |
Medical professional and care worker | 551 | (7.7) |
Student | 315 | (4.4) |
Construction and civil engineering worker | 157 | (2.2) |
Unemployed | 1146 | (16.1) |
Others | 604 | (8.5) |
Not reported | 1474 | (20.7) |
Presumptive route of infection | ||
Contact with confirmed case | 5534 | (77.7) |
Unknown infection route | 504 | (7.1) |
Under investigation | 1087 | (15.3) |
Month of onset | ||
September | 355 | (5.0) |
October | 777 | (10.9) |
November | 1037 | (14.6) |
December | 912 | (12.8) |
January | 2040 | (28.6) |
February | 514 | (7.2) |
March | 1490 | (20.9) |
Day of the week of onset | ||
Weekday | 5146 | (72.2) |
Saturday | 826 | (11.6) |
Sunday and national holiday | 1153 | (16.2) |
Variables | Survival Time | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Median | IQR * | Mean | 95% CI † | |
Sex | ||||
Male | 3 | (1–5) | 3.48 | 3.39–3.57 |
Female | 3 | (2–5) | 3.46 | 3.36–3.56 |
Age | ||||
Less than 10 | 2 | (1–3) | 2.76 | 2.37–3.15 |
10–19 | 3 | (2–5) | 3.32 | 3.11–3.53 |
20–29 | 3 | (2–5) | 3.43 | 3.29–3.56 |
30–39 | 3 | (2–5) | 3.49 | 3.32–3.66 |
40–49 | 3 | (2–5) | 3.56 | 3.39–3.73 |
50–59 | 3 | (2–5) | 3.66 | 3.47–3.85 |
60–69 | 3 | (2–5) | 4.03 | 3.80–4.25 |
70–79 | 3 | (1–5) | 3.60 | 3.31–3.89 |
80–89 | 2 | (1–4) | 2.67 | 2.34–3.00 |
90 or over | 1 | (1–2) | 1.83 | 1.49–2.18 |
Jurisdictional health center | ||||
Naha City | 3 | (2–5) | 3.69 | 3.58–3.81 |
Southern | 2 | (1–4) | 3.22 | 3.10–3.34 |
Central | 3 | (1–5) | 3.55 | 3.42–3.69 |
Northern | 3 | (2–5) | 3.84 | 3.55–4.12 |
Miyako | 2 | (1–4) | 2.84 | 2.53–3.15 |
Yaeyama | 2 | (1–5) | 3.34 | 2.97–3.72 |
Occupation | ||||
Office worker | 3 | (2–5) | 3.61 | 3.48–3.73 |
Hospitality worker (restaurant and service) | 3 | (2–6) | 4.00 | 3.82–4.18 |
Medical professional and care worker | 2 | (1–4) | 2.61 | 2.42–2.81 |
Student | 3 | (2–5) | 3.30 | 3.03–3.57 |
Construction and civil engineering worker | 3 | (2–5) | 3.70 | 3.28–4.12 |
Unemployed | 2 | (1–5) | 3.36 | 3.18–3.55 |
Others | 3 | (2–6) | 4.01 | 3.75–4.27 |
Not reported | 2 | (1–4) | 3.15 | 3.01–3.29 |
Others | ||||
Presumptive route of infection | ||||
Contact with confirmed case | 3 | (1–5) | 3.34 | 3.27–3.41 |
Unknown infection route | 4 | (2–6) | 4.55 | 4.26–4.84 |
Under investigation | 3 | (2–5) | 3.66 | 3.48–3.83 |
Month of onset | ||||
September | 3 | (2–6) | 3.95 | 3.65–4.24 |
October | 3 | (2–5) | 3.77 | 3.56–3.98 |
November | 3 | (2–5) | 3.85 | 3.67–4.03 |
December | 3 | (2–5) | 3.90 | 3.97–4.10 |
January | 3 | (1–4) | 3.28 | 3.17–3.40 |
February | 2 | (1–4) | 2.78 | 2.56–3.00 |
March | 2 | (1–4) | 3.18 | 3.04–3.33 |
Day of the week of onset | ||||
Weekday | 2 | (1–5) | 3.37 | 3.29–3.45 |
Saturday | 3 | (2–5) | 3.70 | 3.51–3.90 |
Sunday and national holiday | 3 | (2–5) | 3.78 | 3.62–3.95 |
Variables | Hazard Ratio | 95% CI † | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Sex | |||
Male | Ref | ||
Female | 0.96 | 0.91–1.01 | 0.077 |
Age | |||
Less than 10 | 1.07 | 0.92–1.25 | 0.400 |
10–19 | 0.95 | 0.85–1.06 | 0.359 |
20–29 | Ref | ||
30–39 | 1.00 | 0.92–1.08 | 0.959 |
40–49 | 1.00 | 0.92–1.08 | 0.962 |
50–59 | 0.96 | 0.88–1.05 | 0.343 |
60–69 | 0.88 | 0.81–0.96 | 0.005 |
70–79 | 1.01 | 0.90–1.14 | 0.826 |
80–89 | 1.32 | 1.15–1.51 | <0.001 |
90 or over | 1.93 | 1.60–2.32 | <0.001 |
Jurisdictional health center | |||
Naha City | Ref | ||
Southern | 1.12 | 1.06–1.19 | <0.001 |
Central | 1.02 | 0.96–1.09 | 0.510 |
Northern | 0.97 | 0.87–1.08 | 0.550 |
Miyako | 1.29 | 1.15–1.44 | <0.001 |
Yaeyama | 1.08 | 0.93–1.25 | 0.303 |
Occupation | |||
Office worker | Ref | ||
Hospitality worker (restaurant and service) | 0.90 | 0.83–0.97 | 0.009 |
Medical professional and care worker | 1.40 | 1.27–1.54 | <0.001 |
Student | 1.01 | 0.89–1.15 | 0.901 |
Construction and civil engineering worker | 0.94 | 0.80–1.11 | 0.461 |
Unemployed | 0.97 | 0.89–1.06 | 0.520 |
Others | 0.89 | 0.81–0.98 | 0.014 |
Not reported | 1.14 | 1.05–1.23 | <0.001 |
Presumptive route of infection | |||
Contact with confirmed case | Ref | ||
Unknown infection route | 0.77 | 0.70–0.84 | <0.001 |
Under investigation | 0.83 | 0.77–0.90 | <0.001 |
Month of onset | |||
September | Ref | ||
October | 1.00 | 0.88–1.14 | 0.997 |
November | 1.04 | 0.92–1.18 | 0.505 |
December | 1.01 | 0.90–1.15 | 0.829 |
January | 1.16 | 1.04–1.31 | 0.010 |
February | 1.41 | 1.22–1.62 | <0.001 |
Day of the week of onset | |||
Weekday | Ref | ||
Saturday | 0.92 | 0.85–0.99 | 0.024 |
Sunday and national holiday | 0.90 | 0.85–0.96 | <0.001 |
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Oiwake, H.Y.; Nonaka, D.; Toyosato, T. Factors Associated with Delayed Diagnosis among Patients with COVID-19 in Okinawa, Japan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 8634. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148634
Oiwake HY, Nonaka D, Toyosato T. Factors Associated with Delayed Diagnosis among Patients with COVID-19 in Okinawa, Japan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(14):8634. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148634
Chicago/Turabian StyleOiwake, Hinako Yamaguchi, Daisuke Nonaka, and Takehiko Toyosato. 2022. "Factors Associated with Delayed Diagnosis among Patients with COVID-19 in Okinawa, Japan" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 14: 8634. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148634