Heavy Metals in Unprocessed or Minimally Processed Foods Consumed by Humans Worldwide: A Scoping Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Search Strategy and Data Extraction
2.2. Statistical Analysis and Data Presentation
2.3. Creation of Variables for the Food Groups and Subgroups
2.4. Heavy Metals (HM) in Food Geographical Analysis
2.5. Reference Values for Maximum Limits (MLs) of Heavy Metals (HM) in Foods
3. Results
3.1. Study Inclusion
3.2. Worldwide Evidence
3.3. Principal Food Groups and Heavy Metals Identified
3.4. Food Subgroups by Food Group and Heavy Metals Identified
3.5. Heavy Metals (HM) in Food Subgroups in Comparison with the FAO/OMS Maximum Limits (Mls) for Contaminants in Food
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Database | Search | Results |
---|---|---|
PubMed #5 | (((#1) AND (#2)) NOT (#3)) NOT (#4) | 2324 |
#4 | (Review) OR (Review Literature) | 1,184,623 |
#3 | (Water) | 406,953 |
#2 | ((Food contamination) OR (Food Contaminations)) OR (Contamination, Food) | 34,956 |
#1 | ((Metals, Heavy) OR (Heavy Metals) OR (Heavy Metal)) | 198,701 |
Filters applied in every search: Books and Documents, Case Reports, Clinical Study, Clinical Trial, Journal Article, Observational Study, Randomized Controlled Trial, English, Spanish, MEDLINE, from 2011–2020 | ||
ScienceDirect | ||
#1 | (((Metals, Heavy) OR (Heavy Metals)) OR (Heavy Metal)) AND ((Food contamination) OR (Food Contaminations) OR (Contamination, Food)) NOT (Water) NOT ((Review) OR (Review Literature))) | 266 |
Filters applied: Year: 2011–2020 Title, abstract, keywords | ||
FAO|AGRIS | ||
#2 | (((Metals, Heavy) OR (Heavy Metals)) OR (Heavy Metal)) AND ((Food contamination) OR (Food Contaminations) OR (Contamination, Food)) NOT (Water) NOT ((Review) OR (Review Literature))) | 6 |
#1 | (((Metals, Heavy) OR (Heavy Metals)) OR (Heavy Metal)) AND ((Food contamination) OR (Food Contaminations) OR (Contamination, Food)) NOT (Water) NOT ((Review) OR (Review Literature))) | 137 |
Filters applied search #2: language:(Spanish), publication Date: [2011 TO 2020] | ||
Filters applied search #1: language:(English), publication Date: [2011 TO 2020] |
Number of Articles by Heavy Metals Studied | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Food Group Studied * | Number of Articles Reviewed by Food Group | Food Subgroup Studied * | Number of Articles that Report the Food Subgroup | As | Pb | Cd | Hg/MeHg | Al |
Cereals | 37 | Maize | 6 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 2 | 1 |
Millet | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
Rice | 33 | 12 | 16 | 25 | 8 | 3 | ||
Wheat | 7 | 2 | 6 | 7 | 1 | 1 | ||
Others (barley, oat) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | ||
Eggs | 8 | Chicken egg | 6 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 |
Duck egg | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | ||
Fish egg | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
Turtle egg | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
Fish and shellfish | 58 | Cephalopods | 8 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 9 | 0 |
Crustacean | 17 | 7 | 10 | 11 | 14 | 1 | ||
Fish | 42 | 15 | 22 | 26 | 39 | 2 | ||
Molluses | 14 | 7 | 10 | 10 | 14 | 1 | ||
Offal fish | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 0 | ||
Fruits | 13 | Citrus fruits | 3 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
Pome fruits | 5 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 0 | 0 | ||
Soft fruits | 7 | 1 | 6 | 7 | 1 | 1 | ||
Stone fruits | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | ||
Tropical fruits | 7 | 3 | 6 | 7 | 0 | 0 | ||
Watermelons | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | ||
Meat | 20 | Offal poultry | 6 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 1 |
Offal red meat | 8 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 4 | 0 | ||
Poultry meat | 10 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 5 | 1 | ||
Red meat | 16 | 8 | 11 | 15 | 8 | 0 | ||
Milk | 12 | Cow milk | 11 | 4 | 9 | 9 | 5 | 0 |
Ewe milk | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | ||
Goat milk | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Pulses, seed and nuts | 16 | Nuts and seeds | 4 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
Pulses | 11 | 7 | 10 | 11 | 3 | 0 | ||
Soybeans | 4 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 0 | ||
Roots and tubers | 25 | Beetroot | 4 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
Carrot | 12 | 5 | 8 | 12 | 1 | 1 | ||
Potato | 21 | 6 | 17 | 20 | 2 | 1 | ||
Radish | 5 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 1 | 0 | ||
Others | 6 | 1 | 5 | 6 | 0 | 0 | ||
Vegetables | 39 | Brasica vegetables | 21 | 6 | 16 | 19 | 5 | 1 |
Bulb vegetables | 19 | 4 | 13 | 19 | 2 | 0 | ||
Fruiting vegetables | 29 | 10 | 25 | 26 | 4 | 3 | ||
Leafy vegetables | 28 | 9 | 24 | 27 | 7 | 2 | ||
Legume vegetables | 10 | 2 | 9 | 10 | 0 | 0 | ||
Stalk and sterm vegetables | 9 | 4 | 7 | 9 | 2 | 0 | ||
Total of times HM reported | 144 | 292 | 350 | 150 | 22 |
Classification FAO/WHO Global Individual Food Consumption Data Tool (GIFT) a | FAO/OMS Maximum Limits (MLs) b | Number of Articles per Country that Exceed Maximum Limits (MLs) in our Study c | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Food Group | Subgroup-Short Name | As | Pb | Cd | MeHg | As | Pb | Cd | MeHg |
Cereals | Rice | 0.2 | 0.4 | Thailand: 1 Bangladesh: 1 Iran: 2 China: 2 | China: 3 Iran: 1 Australia: 1 | ||||
Maize | 0.2 | 0.1 | Bangladesh: 1 Greece: 1 Iran: 1 China: 1 | Bangladesh: 2 Iran: 1 China: 2 | |||||
Wheat | 0.2 | 0.2 | Iran: 1 China: 1 | Iran: 1 China: 1 UK: 1 | |||||
Roots and tubers | Potato | 0.1 | 0.1 | Bangladesh: 1 Brazil: 1 China: 2 Croatia: 1 Germany: 1 Iran: 1 Poland: 1 Serbia: 1 Slovakia: 1 | Brazil: 1 China: 2 Croatia: 1 Iran: 1 Poland: 1 | ||||
Other starchy roots and tubers: | 0.1 | 0.1 | |||||||
Beetroot | Brazil: 1 Serbia: 1 | ||||||||
Carrot | Bangladesh: 1 Brazil: 1 China: 1 Croatia: 1 Germany: 1 Poland: 1 Serbia: 1 | Croatia: 1 Germany: 1 Poland: 1 Serbia: 1 | |||||||
Radish | China: 1 Iran: 1 | Iran: 1 | |||||||
Pulses, seeds and nuts | Pulses | 0.1 | 0.1 | Bangladesh: 2 Brazil: 1 Croatia: 1 Iran: 1 | Bangladesh: 1 Brazil: 1 China: 1 Iran: 1 | ||||
Milk | Milk | 0.02 | Bangladesh: 2 Ethiopia: 1 Hungary: 1 Mexico: 1 South Korea: 1 | ||||||
Eggs | Eggs | 0.1 | Australia: 1 Bangladesh: 1 India: 1 Thailand: 1 | ||||||
Fish and shellfish | Freshwater, diadromous and marine fish | 0.3 | Argelia: 1 Bangladesh: 1 Bosnia and Herzegovina: 1 China: 1 Iran: 1 Italy: 1 Nigeria: 1 Turkey: 1 | ||||||
Mollusks | 2.0 | Iran: 1 | |||||||
Cephalopods | 2.0 | ||||||||
Tuna | 1.2 | Italia: 1 | |||||||
Shark | 1.6 | Mexico: 1 | |||||||
Meat | Red meat | 0.1 | Bangladesh: 1 China: 1 Kuwait: 1 Nigeria: 1 South Korea: 1 | ||||||
Poultry | 0.1 | Bangladesh: 1 India: 1 South Korea: 1 Thailand: 1 | |||||||
Offal red meat | 0.2 | Kuwait: 1 Nigeria: 1 South Korea: 1 | |||||||
Offal poultry | 0.1 | Ghana: 1 Malaysia: 1 Tunisia: 1 South Korea: 1 | |||||||
Vegetables | Leafy vegetables | 0.3 | 0.2 | Bangladesh: 1 Brazil: 2 China: 4 Croatia: 1 Germany: 1 Iran: 2 Portugal: 1 Serbia: 1 Spain: 1 | Bangladesh: 1 China: 4 Croatia: 1 Germany: 1 Iran: 2 Serbia: 1 South Africa: 1 Spain: 1 | ||||
Stalk and steem vegetables | 0.1 | China: 2 | |||||||
Brassica vegetables | 0.1 | 0.05 | Bangladesh: 1 Brazil: 1 China: 6 Croatia: 1 Germany: 1 Serbia: 1 | Brazil: 1 China: 6 Croatia: 1 Germany: 1 Serbia: 1 South Africa: 1 | |||||
Bulb vegetables | 0.1 | 0.05 | Bangladesh: 1 Brazil: 1 China: 3 Croatia: 1 Iran: 2 | Bnagladesh: 1 Brazil: 1 China: 3 Croatia: 1 Ghana: 1 Iran: 3 South Africa: 1 | |||||
Fruiting vegetables | 0.05 | 0.05 | Bangladesh: 2 Brazil: 2 China: 4 Germany: 1 Serbia: 1 Turkey: 1 | Bangladesh: 3 Brazil: 2 China: 5 Germany: 1 Ghana: 1 Iran: 1 Serbia: 1 South Africa: 1 Turkey: 1 | |||||
Legume vegetables | 0.1 | 0.1 | Bangladesh: 1 Brazil: 1 China: 2 Germany: 1 Iran: 1 | Bangladesh: 1 China: 1 | |||||
Fruits | Tropical fruits | 0.1 | Bangladesh: 3 Brazil: 1 China: 1 | ||||||
Stone fruits | 0.1 | Bangladesh: 1 Germany: 1 | |||||||
Pome fruits | 0.1 | Bangladesh: 1 Brazil: 1 Germany: 1 | |||||||
Soft fruits (berries and other small fruits) | 0.1 | Brazil: 1 Germany: 1 |
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Collado-López, S.; Betanzos-Robledo, L.; Téllez-Rojo, M.M.; Lamadrid-Figueroa, H.; Reyes, M.; Ríos, C.; Cantoral, A. Heavy Metals in Unprocessed or Minimally Processed Foods Consumed by Humans Worldwide: A Scoping Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 8651. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148651
Collado-López S, Betanzos-Robledo L, Téllez-Rojo MM, Lamadrid-Figueroa H, Reyes M, Ríos C, Cantoral A. Heavy Metals in Unprocessed or Minimally Processed Foods Consumed by Humans Worldwide: A Scoping Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(14):8651. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148651
Chicago/Turabian StyleCollado-López, Sonia, Larissa Betanzos-Robledo, Martha María Téllez-Rojo, Héctor Lamadrid-Figueroa, Moisés Reyes, Camilo Ríos, and Alejandra Cantoral. 2022. "Heavy Metals in Unprocessed or Minimally Processed Foods Consumed by Humans Worldwide: A Scoping Review" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 14: 8651. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148651