Prevalence and Possible Etiological Factors of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) in Population of Silesian Children in Poland: A Pilot Retrospective Cohort Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- the demographic data;
- the maternal health during pregnancy, folic acid, vitamin supplements, and consumption of stimulants during pregnancy;
- the time and the type of delivery of the child;
- the child’s birth weight;
- the breastfeeding time;
- the medical history of the child in first three years of life (chickenpox, otitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, atopic dermatitis, asthma, fever above 39 °C, and intake of corticosteroids).
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- The prevalence of MIH in the population of Silesian children in Poland was 6.2%.
- The population of Silesian children diagnosed with MIH (n = 38) showed the features of severe MIH in 65.79%; severe MIH occurred in 47.07% of girls diagnosed with MIH.
- Etiological factors: otitis in early childhood, atopic dermatitis, and premature childbirth showed statistically significant correlations with MIH prevalence.
- The study’s results fall within the range of other countries’ MIH levels and are similar to those achieved in northern Poland.
- Currently, MIH is a worrying problem in pediatric dentistry and further research is needed to assess its potential etiological factors and prevention.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Index | Definition |
---|---|
Index 0 | No MIH, clinically free of MIH |
Index 1 | MIH without hypersensitivity, without defect |
Index 2 | MIH without hypersensitivity, with defect |
2a | <1/3 defect extension |
2b | >1/3 <2/3 defect extension |
2c | >2/3 defect extension or/and defect close to the pulp or extraction or atypical restoration |
Index 3 | MIH with hypersensitivity, without defect |
Index 4 | MIH with hypersensitivity, with defect |
4a | <1/3 defect extension |
4b | >1/3 <2/3 defect extension |
4c | >2/3 defect extension or/and defect close to the pulp or extraction or atypical restoration |
The Inclusion Criteria | The Exclusion Criteria |
---|---|
Age 8–12 years | Actual orthodontic treatment |
First permanent molars had erupted | Developmental defects of teeth: amelogenesis imperfecta enamel hypoplasia fluorosis tetracycline staining |
Minimum of six permanent incisors had erupted | Children with genetic disorders |
Residency in Silesian Voivodeship, Poland | Children with birth defects |
MIH symptoms only limited to the incisors | |
Parents’ refusal to consent to participate in the study |
The Severity Level | Signs and Symptoms |
---|---|
MILD |
|
SEVERE |
|
Severity of MIH | Female | Male | Grand Total | Grand Total (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mild | 5 | 7 | 13 | 34.21% |
Severe | 12 | 14 | 25 | 65.79% |
Severity of MIH | Female | Male | Grand Total | Female (%) | Male (%) | Grand Total (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 17.65% | 23.81% | 21.05% |
2A | 1 | 0 | 1 | 5.88 % | 0.00% | 2.63% |
2B | 1 | 5 | 6 | 5.88% | 23.81% | 15.80% |
2C | 8 | 5 | 13 | 47.07% | 23.81% | 34.21% |
3 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0.00% | 9.52% | 5.26% |
4A | 2 | 0 | 2 | 11.76% | 0.00% | 5.26% |
4B | 1 | 1 | 2 | 5.88% | 4.76% | 5.26% |
4C | 1 | 3 | 4 | 5.88% | 14.29% | 10.53% |
Grand Total | 17 | 21 | 38 | 100% | 100% | 100% |
Teeth Affected | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FPMs with MIH | Alone | +1 PI | +2 PI | +3 PI | +4 PI | +5 PI | +6 PI | +7 PI | +8 PI |
0 molar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
1 molar | 2 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2 molars | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
3 molars | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
4 molars | 3 | 3 | 8 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 |
MIH | Non-MIH | RR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy | yes | 6 | 43 | 2.15 | [0.95–4.90] | 2.31 | [0.92–5.83] |
no | 32 | 532 | |||||
Maternal alcohol intake during pregnancy | yes | 2 | 14 | 2.02 | [0.53–7.70] | 2.17 | [0.48–9.88] |
no | 36 | 561 | |||||
Maternal folic acid supplementation during pregnancy | yes | 32 | 518 | 0.62 | [0.27–1.42] | 0.59 | [0.24–1.48] |
no | 6 | 58 | |||||
Vitamin supplementation during pregnancy | yes | 22 | 316 | 1.12 | [0.60–2.08] | 1.13 | [0.58–2.19] |
no | 16 | 259 | |||||
Preterm childbirth before 38 weeks of pregnancy | yes | 5 | 29 | 2.60 * | [1.08–6.23] | 2.88 * | [1.05–7.92] |
no | 33 | 546 | |||||
Chickenpox before 3rd year of life of child | yes | 6 | 144 | 0.58 | [0.25–1.36] | 0.56 | [0.23–1.37] |
no | 32 | 431 | |||||
Otitis before 3rd year of life of child | yes | 10 | 72 | 2.32 * | [1.17–4.59] | 2.50 * | [1.17–5.36] |
no | 28 | 503 | |||||
Bronchitis before 3rd year of life of child | yes | 12 | 216 | 0.78 | [0.40–1.52] | 0.77 | [0.38–1.56] |
no | 26 | 359 | |||||
Pneumonia before 3rd year of life of child | yes | 7 | 72 | 1.53 | [0.70–3.35] | 1.58 | [0.67–3.72] |
no | 31 | 503 | |||||
Asthma before 3rd year of life of child | yes | 6 | 43 | 2.15 | [0.95–4.90] | 2.31 | [0.92–5.83] |
no | 32 | 532 | |||||
Atopic dermatitis before 3rd year of life of child | yes | 12 | 43 | 4.67 * | [2.50–8.73] | 5.69 * | [2.69–12.06] |
no | 26 | 532 | |||||
Episodes of fever above 39 °C before 3rd year of life of child | yes | 17 | 173 | 1.81 | [0.98–3.35] | 1.89 | [0.97–3.67] |
no | 21 | 403 | |||||
Corticosteroid therapy before 3rd year of life of child | yes | 14 | 173 | 1.33 | [0.71–2.52] | 1.36 | [0.69–2.69] |
no | 24 | 403 | |||||
Breastfeeding up to 12 months of age | yes | 34 | 503 | 1.20 | [0.44–3.29] | 1.21 | [0.42–3.52] |
no | 4 | 72 |
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Ilczuk-Rypuła, D.; Zalewska, M.; Pietraszewska, D.; Dybek, A.; Nitecka-Buchta, A.; Postek-Stefańska, L. Prevalence and Possible Etiological Factors of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) in Population of Silesian Children in Poland: A Pilot Retrospective Cohort Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 8697. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148697
Ilczuk-Rypuła D, Zalewska M, Pietraszewska D, Dybek A, Nitecka-Buchta A, Postek-Stefańska L. Prevalence and Possible Etiological Factors of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) in Population of Silesian Children in Poland: A Pilot Retrospective Cohort Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(14):8697. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148697
Chicago/Turabian StyleIlczuk-Rypuła, Danuta, Marzena Zalewska, Daria Pietraszewska, Anna Dybek, Aleksandra Nitecka-Buchta, and Lidia Postek-Stefańska. 2022. "Prevalence and Possible Etiological Factors of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) in Population of Silesian Children in Poland: A Pilot Retrospective Cohort Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 14: 8697. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148697