Health Literacy and Exercise to Treat Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A National Survey Study
Abstract
:1. Background
2. Methods
Study Design and Population
3. Measurement
3.1. Frailty Assessment
3.2. Health Literacy Assessment
3.3. Exercise Assessment
3.4. Activities of Daily Living Assessment
3.5. Instrumental ADLs
4. Demographic Characteristics
5. Statistical Analysis
6. Results
6.1. Demographics, Chronic Disease, and Cognitive Impairment Prevalence
6.2. Frailty and Regular Exercise Distribution in Different Sexes
6.3. High Health Literacy and Regular Exercise Were Protective Factors for Frailty
7. Discussion
8. Limitations
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Total | Male (n = 3630) | Female (n = 4072) | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n/Mean | %/SD | n/Mean | %/SD | n/mean | %/SD | ||
Age (years) | 0.575 | ||||||
50–64 | 4014 | 52.1% | 1914 | 52.7% | 2030 | 51.6% | |
65–74 | 2215 | 28.8% | 1027 | 28.3% | 1188 | 29.2% | |
75 & above | 1473 | 19.1% | 689 | 19.0% | 784 | 19.3% | |
Education level | <0.001 | ||||||
Primary, can read | 3632 | 47.2% | 1372 | 37.8% | 2260 | 55.5% | |
High school and above | 4071 | 52.8% | 2259 | 62.2% | 1812 | 44.5% | |
Marital status | <0.001 | ||||||
Married/Cohabitation | 5704 | 74.1% | 3053 | 84.1% | 2651 | 65.1% | |
Single/Widowed/Divorced | 1998 | 25.9% | 577 | 15.9% | 1421 | 34.9% | |
Health literacy | <0.001 | ||||||
High health literacy | 2901 | 37.7% | 1394 | 38.4% | 1507 | 37.0% | |
Medium health literacy | 2851 | 37.0% | 1450 | 39.9% | 1401 | 34.4% | |
Low health literacy | 1950 | 25.3% | 786 | 21.7% | 1164 | 28.6% | |
ADL | <0.001 | ||||||
No disability | 4476 | 58.1% | 2413 | 66.5% | 2063 | 50.7% | |
One disability | 934 | 12.1% | 409 | 11.2% | 525 | 12.9% | |
Two disability and more | 2292 | 29.8% | 808 | 22.3% | 1484 | 36.4% | |
IADL | <0.001 | ||||||
No disability | 6210 | 80.6% | 3115 | 85.8% | 3095 | 76.0% | |
One disability | 703 | 9.1% | 241 | 6.6% | 462 | 11.4% | |
Two disability and more | 789 | 10.3% | 274 | 7.6% | 515 | 12.6% | |
Exercise | <0.001 | ||||||
Regular | 1309 | 17.0% | 711 | 19.6% | 598 | 14.7% | |
Irregular | 6393 | 83.0% | 2919 | 80.4% | 3474 | 85.3% | |
Frailty | <0.001 | ||||||
Robust | 3907 | 50.7% | 1941 | 53.5% | 1966 | 48.3% | |
Pre-frail | 3303 | 42.9% | 1525 | 42.0% | 1778 | 43.7% | |
Frail | 492 | 6.4% | 164 | 4.5% | 328 | 8.1% |
Regular Exercise | Irregular Exercise | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Male (711) | Female (598) | p-Value | Male (2919) | Female (3474) | p-Value | ||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |||
Frailty condition | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||
Robust | 615 | 86.5% | 461 | 77.1% | 1326 | 45.4% | 1505 | 43.3% | ||
Pre-frail | 86 | 12.1% | 124 | 20.7% | 1439 | 49.3% | 1654 | 47.6% | ||
Frail | 10 | 1.4% | 13 | 2.2% | 154 | 5.3% | 315 | 9.1% |
Variable | Pre-Frail (n = 3303) | Frail (n = 492) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | |||
Sex | ||||||
Male | 1 | 1 | ||||
Female | 0.023 * | 0.890 | 0.805 | 1.178 | 0.949 | 1.462 |
Age (years) | ||||||
50–64 | 1 | 1 | ||||
65–74 | 0.675 *** | 0.601 | 0.759 | 0.677 ** | 0.513 | 0.893 |
75 & above | 0.463 *** | 0.397 | 0.539 | 0.964 | 0.743 | 1.252 |
Marital status | ||||||
Married/Cohabitation | 1 | 1 | ||||
Single/Widowed/Divorced | 1.100 | 0.981 | 1.234 | 1.038 | 0.839 | 1.286 |
Health literacy | ||||||
High health literacy | 1 | 1 | ||||
Medium health literacy | 2.132 *** | 1.903 | 2.389 | 2.388 *** | 1.677 | 3.400 |
Low health literacy | 2.734 *** | 2.386 | 3.132 | 4.185 *** | 2.961 | 5.917 |
ADL | ||||||
No disability | 1 | 1 | ||||
One disability | 1.111 | 0.951 | 1.297 | 2.566 *** | 1.502 | 4.383 |
Two disability and more | 1.823 *** | 1.605 | 2.071 | 18.826 *** | 13.126 | 27.001 |
Exercise | ||||||
Irregular | 1 | 1 | ||||
Regular | 0.210 *** | 0.179 | 0.246 | 0.253 *** | 0.164 | 0.393 |
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Wang, C.-H.; Chang, W.-P.; Chen, S.-R.; Cheng, W.-J.; Chou, K.-R.; Pien, L.-C. Health Literacy and Exercise to Treat Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A National Survey Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 8711. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148711
Wang C-H, Chang W-P, Chen S-R, Cheng W-J, Chou K-R, Pien L-C. Health Literacy and Exercise to Treat Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A National Survey Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(14):8711. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148711
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Chia-Hui, Wen-Pei Chang, Su-Ru Chen, Wan-Ju Cheng, Kuei-Ru Chou, and Li-Chung Pien. 2022. "Health Literacy and Exercise to Treat Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A National Survey Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 14: 8711. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148711