Resilience Improves the Quality of Life and Subjective Happiness of Physiotherapists during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Data Collection and Ethical Considerations
2.3. Demographic Data
2.4. 14-Item Resilience Scale (14-RS)
2.5. 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36)
2.6. Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS)
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Characteristics of Groups Categorized in Terms of Resilience and Working with COVID-19 Patients
3.2. Physiotherapists’ Perceptions of Health (Question 2/SF-36)
3.3. SF-36 and SHS for Groups Categorized in Terms of Resilience and Working with COVID-19 Patients
3.4. Regression Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. 14-Item Resilience Scale (14-RS)
Appendix B. 36 Item Short Form Survey (SF-36)
Appendix C. Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS)
References
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Variables | Low Resilience (N = 145) | High Resilience (N = 374) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age, n (%) | |||
20–30 years | 35 (28.9) | 115 (35.7) | 0.135 |
31–40 years | 63 (52.1) | 161 (50.0) | 0.933 |
41–50 years | 20 (16.5) | 39 (12.1) | 0.284 |
51–60 years | 3 (2.5) | 7 (2.2) | 0.857 |
Female, n (%) | 127 (87.6) | 327 (87.4) | 0.975 |
Pregnancy status, n (%) | 3 (2.1) | 10 (2.7) | 0.733 |
Marital status, n (%) | |||
Married | 41 (33.9) | 132 (41.0) | 0.128 |
Divorced | 7 (5.8) | 13 (4.0) | 0.312 |
Separated | 1 (0.8) | 1 (0.3) | 0.558 |
Not married | 59 (48.8) | 150 (46.6) | 0.901 |
Stable union | 11 (9.1) | 23 (7.1) | 0.867 |
Others | 2 (1.7) | 3 (0.9) | 0.565 |
Has children, n (%) | 43 (35.5) | 122 (37.7) | 0.519 |
Family members living together, n % | |||
Seniors | 25 (17.2) | 73 (19.5) | 0.560 |
Children | 52 (35.9) | 135 (36.1) | 0.963 |
Death in family or close friends due to COVID-19, n (%) | 48 (33.1) | 103 (27.5) | 0.214 |
Graduation time, n (%) | |||
˂5 years | 34 (23.4) | 85 (22.7) | 0.854 |
5–10 years | 54 (37.2) | 119 (31.8) | 0.242 |
11–20 years | 48 (33.1) | 150 (40.1) | 0.141 |
21–30 years | 9 (6.2) | 20 (5.3) | 0.692 |
Physical activity, n (%) | |||
Practice of regular physical activity * | 64 (44.1) | 203 (54.3) | 0.038 |
Physical activity during the pandemic period | 17 (13.3) | 63 (18.5) | 0.146 |
Medical history, n (%) | |||
Previous chronic disease | 28 (19.3) | 57 (15.2) | 0.266 |
Absence from work due to other diseases | 19 (13.1) | 47 (12.6) | 0.858 |
COVID-19 diagnosis | 33 (22.8) | 98 (26.2) | 0.422 |
Needed hospitalization due to COVID-19 | 5 (3.4) | 5 (1.3) | 0.147 |
Nature of the institution where they work, n (%) | |||
Public | 53 (39.0) | 114 (35.7) | 0.187 |
Private | 50 (36.8) | 108 (33.9) | 0.216 |
Both | 33 (24.3) | 97 (30.4) | 0.458 |
Removed from work due to, n (%) | |||
Pregnancy | 2 (8.7) | 5 (11.9) | 0.932 |
A chronic disease | 3 (13.0) | 2 (4.8) | 0.158 |
Adapted to work at home office | 0 | 2 (4.8) | . a |
Other reasons | 18 (78.3) | 33 (78.6) | 0.226 |
The hospital sector where they work, n (%) | |||
Critical care unit | 110 (75.9) | 264 (70.6) | 0.231 |
Semi intensive unit | 4 (2.8) | 13 (3.5) | 0.714 |
Ward | 25 (17.2) | 71 (19.0) | 0.655 |
Emergency room | 2 (1.4) | 6 (1.6) | 0.900 |
Supervisor occupations | 2 (1.4) | 11 (2.9) | 0.330 |
Ambulatory medicine | 2 (1.4) | 9 (2.4) | 0.506 |
Weekly workload, n (%) | |||
˂20 h | 2 (1.4) | 6 (1.6) | 0.900 |
20–30 h | 64 (44.8) | 155 (41.6) | 0.578 |
31–40 h | 32 (22.4) | 100 (26.8) | 0.210 |
41–50 h | 13 (9.1) | 32 (8.6) | 0.868 |
51–60 h | 24 (16.8) | 47 (12.6) | 0.242 |
˃60 h | 8 (5.6) | 33 (8.8) | 0.212 |
Wage/income in R$, n (%) | |||
˂1.500,00 | 2 (1.4) | 6 (1.6) | 0.900 |
1.500,00–3.000,00 | 29 (20.1) | 70 (18.8) | 0.733 |
3.000,00–5.000,00 | 72 (50.0) | 184 (49.3) | 0.925 |
5.000,00–7.000,00 | 27 (18.8) | 79 (21.2) | 0.533 |
˃7.000,00 | 14 (9.7) | 34 (9.1) | 0.829 |
Salary reduction during the pandemic, n (%) | 25 (17.2) | 84 (22.5) | 0.190 |
Support for coping with the pandemic, n (%) | |||
Received personal protective equipment | 136 (93.8) | 358 (95.7) | 0.366 |
Received host leadership * | 83 (57.2) | 263 (70.3) | 0.005 |
Received training * | 107 (73.8) | 307 (82.1) | 0.038 |
Variables | NO COVID (N = 74) | COVID (N = 445) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age, n (%) | |||
20–30 years | 22 (36.1) | 128 (33.5) | 0.856 |
31–40 years | 31 (50.8) | 193 (50.5) | 0.816 |
41–50 years | 6 (9.8) | 53 (13.9) | 0.351 |
51–60 years | 2 (3.3) | 8 (2.1) | 0.588 |
Female, n (%) | 68 (91.9) | 386 (86.7) | 0.215 |
Pregnancy status, n (%) ** | 7 (9.5) | 6 (1.3) | 0.000 |
Marital status, n (%) | |||
Married | 18 (29.5) | 155 (40.6) | 0.073 |
Divorced | 2 (3.3) | 18 (4.7) | 0.632 |
Separated | 1 (1.6) | 1 (0.3) | 0.285 |
Not married | 33 (54.1) | 176 (46.1) | −0.415 |
Stable union | 6 (9.8) | 28 (7.3) | 0.549 |
Others | 1 (1.6) | 4 (1.0) | 0.688 |
Has children, n (%) | 23 (37.1) | 142 (37.1) | 0.897 |
Family members living together, n (%) | |||
Seniors | 13 (17.6) | 85 (19.1) | 0.774 |
Children ** | 40 (54.1) | 147 (33.0) | 0.000 |
Death in family or close friends due to COVID-19, n (%) | 22 (29.7) | 129 (29) | 0.887 |
Graduation time, n (%) | |||
˂5 years | 13 (17.6) | 106 (23.8) | 0.237 |
5–10 years * | 14 (18.9) | 159 (35.7) | 0.003 |
11–20 years * | 38 (51.4) | 160 (36.0) | 0.013 |
21–30 years * | 9 (12.2) | 20 (4.5) | 0.017 |
Physical activity, n (%) | |||
Practice of regular physical activity | 40 (54.1) | 227 (51) | 0.631 |
Physical activity during the pandemic * | 19 (27.9) | 61 (15.3) | 0.013 |
Medical history, n (%) | |||
Previous chronic disease | 12 (16.2) | 73 (16.4) | 0.989 |
Absence from work due to other diseases * | 2 (2.7) | 64 (14.4) | 0.001 |
COVID-19 diagnosis | 15 (20.3) | 116 (26.1) | 0.291 |
Needed hospitalization due to COVID-19 | 1 (1.4) | 9 (2) | 0.782 |
Nature of the institution where they work, n (%) | |||
Public | 15 (26.3) | 152 (38.2) | 0.142 |
Private * | 28 (49.1) | 130 (32.7) | 0.015 |
Both | 14 (24.6) | 116 (29.1) | 0.188 |
Removed from work due to, n (%) | |||
Pregnancy ** | 5 (35.7) | 2 (3.9) | 0.000 |
A chronic disease | 2 (14.3) | 3 (5.9) | 0.173 |
Adapted to work at home office | 1 (7.1) | 1 (2.0) | 0.285 |
Other reasons | 6 (42.9) | 45 (88.2) | 0.620 |
The hospital sector where they work, n (%) | |||
Critical care unit ** | 26 (35.1) | 348 (78.2) | 0.000 |
Semi intensive unit | 4 (5.4) | 13 (2.9) | 0.293 |
Ward ** | 30 (40.5) | 66 (14.8) | 0.000 |
Emergency room | 0 | 8 (1.8) | . a |
Supervisor occupations * | 5 (6.8) | 8 (1.8) | 0.031 |
Ambulatory medicine ** | 9 (12.2) | 2 (0.4) | 0.000 |
Weekly workload, n (%) | |||
˂20 h | 2 (2.7) | 6 (1.4) | 0.410 |
20–30 h | 38 (52.1) | 181 (40.9) | 0.088 |
31–40 h | 19 (26.0) | 113 (25.5) | 0.946 |
41–50 h | 9 (12.3) | 36 (8.1) | 0.263 |
51–60 h * | 3 (4.1) | 68 (15.3) | 0.004 |
˃60 h | 2 (2.7) | 39 (8.8) | 0.060 |
Wage/income in R$, n (%) | |||
˂1500,00 | 0 | 8 (1.8) | . a |
1.500,00–3.000,00 | 18 (24.7) | 81 (18.2) | 0.223 |
3.000,00–5.000,00 | 30 (41.1) | 226 (50.9) | 0.104 |
5.000,00–7.000,00 | 12 (16.4) | 94 (21.2) | 0.338 |
˃7.000,00 * | 13 (17.8) | 35 (7.9) | 0.014 |
Salary reduction during the pandemic, n (%) * | 22 (29.7) | 87 (19.6) | 0.047 |
Support for coping with the pandemic, n (%) | |||
Received personal protective equipment | 74 (100) | 420 (94.4) | . a |
Received host leadership ** | 62 (83.8) | 284 (63.8) | 0.000 |
Received training | 61 (82.4) | 353 (79.3) | 0.522 |
SF-36 (Question 2) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Resilience | Low | High | p Value |
3 (3–4) | 3 (2–4) | <0.001 | |
Works with COVID-19 patients | No | Yes | |
3 (2–3) | 3 (3–4) | <0.001 |
Resilience | |||
---|---|---|---|
Low | High | p Value | |
36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) % | |||
Physical functioning | 80 (60–90) | 90 (75–100) | <0.001 |
Role-physical | 50 (25–100) | 75 (25–100) | <0.001 |
Bodily pain | 51 (41–62) | 62 (51–84) | <0.001 |
General health | 60 (50–73) | 72 (60–82) | <0.001 |
Vitality | 35 (20–45) | 50 (35–65) | <0.001 |
Social functioning | 50 (37–50) | 50 (37–50) | 0.163 |
Role-emotional | 33 (0–66) | 100 (91–100) | <0.001 |
Mental health | 44 (36–52) | 66 (0–100) | <0.001 |
Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS) | 4.25 (3.62–5.00) | 5.50 (5.00–6.25) | <0.001 |
Resilience | 67 (60–71) | 86 (80–97) | <0.001 |
Works in COVID-19 | |||
---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | p Value | |
36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) % | |||
Physical functioning | 95 (85–100) | 85 (70–95) | <0.001 |
Role-physical | 100 (75–100) | 50 (25–100) | <0.001 |
Bodily pain | 84 (62–100) | 51 (41–72) | <0.001 |
General health | 80 (61–90) | 67 (55–77) | <0.001 |
Vitality | 65 (55–80) | 40 (30–55) | <0.001 |
Social functioning | 50 (37–50) | 50 (37–50) | 0.638 |
Role-emotional | 100 (91–100) | 33 (0–100) | <0.001 |
Mental health | 82 (68–92) | 52 (44–64) | <0.001 |
Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS) | 6.12 (5.25–6.75) | 5.00 (4.25–5.75) | <0.001 |
Resilience | 90 (84–95) | 80 (72–88) | <0.001 |
Outcomes | Unadjusted B (SE) | Adjusted B (SE) # | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Resilience | COVID | ΔR2 (Resilience + COVID) | Resilience | COVID | Total R2 | |
Physical functioning | 8.284 (2.112) ** | −6.354 (2.694) * | 0.058 | 7.300 (2.068) ** | −4.181 (2.664) | 0.140 |
Role physical | 13.152 (4.128) * | −29,667 (5.226) ** | 0.110 | 12.350 (4.102) * | −25.289 (5.285) ** | 0.162 |
Bodily pain | 7.748 (2.420) ** | −18.442 (3.088) ** | 0.119 | 6.934 (2.401) * | −15.553 (3.094) ** | 0.174 |
General health | 8.850 (1.820) ** | −7.255 (2.322) * | 0.100 | 7.894 (1.771) ** | −4.983 (2.282) | 0.179 |
Vitality | 13.879 (1.956) ** | −22.417 (2.495) ** | 0.282 | 12.544 (1.903) ** | −19.350 (2.452) ** | 0.352 |
Social functioning | −2.475 (1.600) | 2.332 (2.041) | 0.011 | −2.358 (1.634) | 2.515 (2.105) | 0.017 |
Role emotional | 19.102(4.487) ** | −39.314(5.724) ** | 0.162 | 17.994 (4.463) | −34.649 (5.750) | 0.210 |
Mental health | 16.541 (1.159) ** | −21.619 (2.243) ** | 0.353 | 14.935 (1.664) ** | −18.260 (2.143) | 0.448 |
Happiness | 0.056 (0.004) ** | −0.469 (0.129) ** | 0.403 | 0.053 (0.004) ** | −0.363 (0.129) * | 0.438 |
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Pigati, P.A.d.S.; Righetti, R.F.; Dourado, V.Z.; Nisiaymamoto, B.T.C.; Saraiva-Romanholo, B.M.; Tibério, I.d.F.L.C. Resilience Improves the Quality of Life and Subjective Happiness of Physiotherapists during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 8720. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148720
Pigati PAdS, Righetti RF, Dourado VZ, Nisiaymamoto BTC, Saraiva-Romanholo BM, Tibério IdFLC. Resilience Improves the Quality of Life and Subjective Happiness of Physiotherapists during the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(14):8720. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148720
Chicago/Turabian StylePigati, Patricia Angeli da Silva, Renato Fraga Righetti, Victor Zuniga Dourado, Bruna Tiemi Cunha Nisiaymamoto, Beatriz Mangueira Saraiva-Romanholo, and Iolanda de Fátima Lopes Calvo Tibério. 2022. "Resilience Improves the Quality of Life and Subjective Happiness of Physiotherapists during the COVID-19 Pandemic" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 14: 8720. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148720