Urinary Excretion of Cyanuric Acid in Association with Urolithiasis: A Matched Case-Control Study in Shanghai Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Subjects
2.2. Questionnaire Survey and Sample Collection
2.3. Measurement of Melamine and Its Analogues in Urine
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Controls | Urolithiasis | |
---|---|---|---|
N (%) | p-value a | ||
Gender | |||
Male | 56 (80.00) | 56 (80.00) | |
Female | 14 (20.00) | 14 (20.00) | 1.000 |
Labor intensity | |||
Light | 60 (85.71) | 50 (71.43) | |
Moderate | 10 (14.29) | 20 (28.57) | 0.040 |
Fluid intake (mL/day) | |||
<1000 | 8 (11.43) | 12 (17.14) | |
1000–2000 | 35 (50.00) | 38 (54.29) | 0.528 |
>2000 | 27 (38.57) | 20 (28.57) | 0.191 |
Cigarette smoking | |||
No | 44 (62.86) | 39 (55.71) | |
Yes | 26 (37.14) | 31 (44.29) | 0.390 |
Alcohol drinking | |||
No | 59 (84.29) | 48 (68.57) | |
Yes | 11 (15.71) | 22 (31.43) | 0.029 |
Swimming (≥1 time/summer) | |||
No | 68 (97.14) | 62 (88.57) | |
Yes | 2 (2.86) | 8 (11.43) | 0.049 |
Meals at canteens | |||
Barely | 45 (64.29) | 28 (40.00) | |
Frequently | 25 (35.71) | 42 (60.00) | 0.004 |
Meals at restaurants | |||
Barely | 44 (62.86) | 25 (35.71) | |
Frequently | 26 (37.14) | 45 (64.29) | 0.001 |
Mean ± SD | p-value b | ||
Age | 48.95 ± 1.48 | 49.01 ± 1.50 | 0.595 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.25 ± 0.41 | 24.45 ± 0.39 | 0.728 |
Indexes of kidney function | |||
Urinary pH | 5.91 ± 0.09 | 6.05 ± 0.07 | 0.244 |
Serum urea nitrogen (mmol/L) | 5.24 ± 0.16 * | 5.38 ± 0.17 | 0.454 |
Serum creatinine (μmol/L) | 79.31 ± 1.88 * | 92.29 ± 4.00 | <0.001 |
Serum uric acid (μmol/L) | 339.3 ± 10.41 * | 470.8 ± 102.6 | 0.029 |
Melamine and its analogues (ng/mL) | |||
Melamine | 11.79 ± 1.53 | 7.33 ± 2.26 | 0.109 |
Ammeline | 0.50 ± 0.12 | 0.37 ± 0.10 | 0.414 |
Ammelide | 3.37 ± 0.31 | 3.10 ± 0.37 | 0.565 |
Cyanuric acid | 12.43 ± 1.53 | 34.87 ± 3.99 | <0.001 |
Variables | Univariate | Multivariate * | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95%CI) | p-Value | OR (95%CI) | p-Value | |
Labor intensity | ||||
Light | Reference | Reference | ||
Moderate | 2.25 (0.98, 5.18) | 0.056 | 1.63 (0.63, 7.31) | 0.523 |
Fluid intake (mL/day) | ||||
<1000 | Reference | Reference | ||
1000–2000 | 0.72 (0.27, 1.89) | 0.502 | 0.91 (0.12, 6.99) | 0.927 |
>2000 | 0.40 (0.12, 1.32) | 0.134 | 0.74 (0.07, 7.56) | 0.801 |
Cigarette smoking | ||||
No | ||||
Yes | 1.42 (0.68, 2.97) | 0.356 | 1.71 (0.42, 6.93) | 0.455 |
Alcohol drinking | ||||
No | Reference | Reference | ||
Yes | 2.57 (1.07, 6.16) | 0.034 | 1.91 (0.44, 8.24) | 0.385 |
Swimming (≥1 time/summer) | ||||
No | Reference | Reference | ||
Yes | 7.00 (0.86, 56.89) | 0.069 | 5.66 (0.31, 102.16) | 0.240 |
Meals at canteens | ||||
Barely | Reference | Reference | ||
Frequently | 3.13(1.41, 6.93) | 0.005 | 1.92 (0.47, 7.79) | 0.361 |
Meals at restaurants | ||||
Barely | Reference | Reference | ||
Frequently | 4.80 (1.83, 12.58) | 0.001 | 5.71 (1.01, 32.31) | 0.049 |
Age | 1.13 (0.72, 1.76) | 0.593 | 1.11 (0.48, 2.55) | 0.812 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 1.02 (0.92, 1.13) | 0.726 | 0.94 (0.78, 1.13) | 0.501 |
Indexes of kidney function | ||||
Urinary pH | 1.32 (0.83, 2.09) | 0.246 | 1.17 (0.52, 2.60) | 0.707 |
Serum urea nitrogen (mmol/L) | 1.12 (0.84, 1.50) | 0.452 | 1.12 (0.64, 1.95) | 0.690 |
Serum creatinine (μmol/L) | 1.06 (1.03, 1.10) | <0.001 | 1.07 (1.01, 1.14) | 0.024 |
Serum uric acid (μmol/L) | 1.01 (1.01, 1.02) | <0.001 | 1.01 (1.00, 1.02) | 0.042 |
Melamine and its analogues | ||||
Melamine | 0.98 (0.96, 1.01) | 0.130 | 0.98 (0.93, 1.02) | 0.339 |
Ammeline | 0.84 (0.56, 1.28) | 0.418 | 0.98 (0.62, 1.56) | 0.932 |
Ammelide | 0.96 (0.84, 1.10) | 0.565 | 0.54 (0.21, 1.38) | 0.197 |
Cyanuric acid | 1.12 (1.07, 1.18) | <0.001 | 1.11 (1.02, 1.21) | 0.021 |
CYA Conc. (ng/mL) | Controls | Urolithiasis | Univariate | Multivariate * | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | N (%) | OR (95%CI) | p-Value | OR (95%CI) | p-Value | |
Stratified by median | ||||||
<19.3 | 56 (80.00) | 14 (20.00) | Reference | Reference | ||
≥19.3 | 14 (20.00) | 56 (80.00) | 16.00 (6.99, 36.63) | <0.001 | 24.36 (7.79, 76.21) | <0.001 |
Stratified by quartile | ||||||
<11.0 | 39 (55.71) | 2 (2.86) | Reference | Reference | ||
11.0–19.7 | 19 (27.14) | 14 (20.00) | 14.37 (2.96, 69.75) | 0.001 | 13.94 (2.35, 82.70) | 0.004 |
19.7–32.5 | 8 (11.43) | 25 (35.71) | 60.94 (11.95, 310.65) | <0.001 | 83.69 (11.74, 596.62) | <0.001 |
32.5–271.3 | 4 (5.71) | 29 (41.43) | 141.38 (24.22, 825.11) | <0.001 | 118.65 (17.21, 817.97) | <0.001 |
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Huang, F.; Long, Q.; Liu, S.; Chen, Y.; Wang, Y.; Wang, H.; Dong, R.; Guo, J.; Chen, B. Urinary Excretion of Cyanuric Acid in Association with Urolithiasis: A Matched Case-Control Study in Shanghai Adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 8726. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148726
Huang F, Long Q, Liu S, Chen Y, Wang Y, Wang H, Dong R, Guo J, Chen B. Urinary Excretion of Cyanuric Acid in Association with Urolithiasis: A Matched Case-Control Study in Shanghai Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(14):8726. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148726
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuang, Feifei, Qilai Long, Shaojie Liu, Yanyun Chen, Yifei Wang, Hangwei Wang, Ruihua Dong, Jianming Guo, and Bo Chen. 2022. "Urinary Excretion of Cyanuric Acid in Association with Urolithiasis: A Matched Case-Control Study in Shanghai Adults" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 14: 8726. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148726