An N-Shaped Association between Population Density and Abdominal Obesity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data
2.2. Abdominal Obesity
2.3. Community Built Environmental Attributes
2.4. Individual Socioeconomic Characteristics
2.5. Analytical Approaches
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Analysis
3.2. Associations of Population Density and Covariables with WC and WHtR
3.3. Robustness Check
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Mean/% | Std. Dev. | Min | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent Variables | ||||
WC (cm) | 82.46 | 10.56 | 45 | 107.30 |
WHtR | 0.51 | 0.06 | 0.36 | 0.68 |
Built environmental attributes | ||||
Population density (1000 people/km2) | 6.42 | 13.59 | 0.001 | 68 |
Business density (count/km2) | 3.93 | 17.95 | 0 | 150 |
Fast food restaurant density (count/km2) | 0.68 | 3.41 | 0 | 26 |
Distance to the nearest wet market (km) | 1.44 | 3.16 | 0 | 35 |
Distance to the nearest park (km) | 8.57 | 15.08 | 0 | 90 |
Distance to the nearest school (km) | 0.56 | 1.16 | 0 | 6 |
Distance to the nearest bus stop (km) | 1.06 | 2.91 | 0 | 18 |
Socioeconomic characteristics | ||||
Men | 47% | — | — | — |
Age (years) | 45.49 | 12.19 | 18 | 65 |
Han Chinese | 88% | — | — | — |
Urban | 35% | — | — | — |
Married | 87% | — | — | — |
Years of education | 8.60 | 3.96 | 0 | 18 |
Employment status | ||||
Farmer | 24% | — | — | — |
Nonfarmer | 41% | — | — | — |
Unemployed | 35% | — | — | — |
Household income (10,000 yuan/year) | 4.78 | 7.86 | 0 | 480 |
Household size (count) | 3.75 | 1.53 | 1 | 13 |
Variable | WC | WHtR | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Nonparametric Component | Edf | F | Edf | F |
Population density | 3.870 *** | 8.755 | 3.423 *** | 8.037 |
Parametric Component | Beta | SE | Beta | SE |
Other built environmental attributes | ||||
Business density | 0.01086 *** | 0.00298 | 0.00005 * | 0.00002 |
Fast food restaurant density | 0.05282 ** | 0.01643 | 0.00025 * | 0.00010 |
Distance to the nearest wet market | −0.01907 | 0.01944 | −0.00011 | 0.00012 |
Distance to the nearest park | −0.02553 *** | 0.00392 | −0.00014 *** | 0.00002 |
Distance to the nearest school | −0.04925 | 0.04956 | −0.00040 | 0.00030 |
Distance to the nearest bus stop | 0.02204 | 0.01907 | 0.00018 | 0.00012 |
Socioeconomic characteristics | ||||
Men | 4.35229 *** | 0.10600 | −0.00659 *** | 0.00064 |
Age | 0.16084 *** | 0.00522 | 0.00135 *** | 0.00003 |
Han Chinese | 0.53568 ** | 0.18600 | 0.00055 | 0.00112 |
Urban | −0.08320 | 0.12289 | −0.00112 | 0.00074 |
Married | 1.67396 *** | 0.16417 | 0.00868 *** | 0.00099 |
Years of education | −0.13983 *** | 0.01645 | −0.00159 *** | 0.00010 |
Employment status (ref. = farmers) | ||||
Nonfarmers | 1.59588 *** | 0.15582 | 0.00729 *** | 0.00094 |
Unemployed | 1.70086 *** | 0.15185 | 0.00889 *** | 0.00092 |
Household income | −0.00082 | 0.00708 | −0.00003 | 0.00004 |
Household size | −0.12949 *** | 0.03747 | −0.00043 | 0.00023 |
Region effects | Controlled | Controlled | Controlled | Controlled |
Time effects | Controlled | Controlled | Controlled | Controlled |
Goodness-of-fit | ||||
Adjusted R2 | 0.162 | 0.144 |
Variable | WC | WHtR | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Nonparametric Component | Edf | F | Edf | F |
Population density | 3.969 *** | 5.038 | 3.519 ** | 3.347 |
Parametric Component | Beta | SE | Beta | SE |
Other built environmental attributes | Controlled | Controlled | Controlled | Controlled |
Socioeconomic characteristics | Controlled | Controlled | Controlled | Controlled |
Region effects | Controlled | Controlled | Controlled | Controlled |
Goodness-of-fit | ||||
Adjusted R2 | 0.131 | 0.123 |
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Sun, B.; Yao, X.; Yin, C. An N-Shaped Association between Population Density and Abdominal Obesity. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 9577. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159577
Sun B, Yao X, Yin C. An N-Shaped Association between Population Density and Abdominal Obesity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(15):9577. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159577
Chicago/Turabian StyleSun, Bindong, Xiajie Yao, and Chun Yin. 2022. "An N-Shaped Association between Population Density and Abdominal Obesity" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 15: 9577. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159577