Temporal and Spatial Variation (2001–2020) Characteristics of Wind Speed in the Water Erosion Area of the Typical Black Soil Region, Northeast China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Sources
2.3. Wind Speed Classification
2.4. Analysis Method
2.4.1. Cumulative Anomaly Method and Mann–Kendall Test Method
2.4.2. Kriging Interpolation Method
2.4.3. Geographic Detectors
2.4.4. Degree Classification of the Wind Impacts
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Temporal Variation of Wind Speed
3.1.1. Interannual Variation
3.1.2. Seasonal Variation within the Year
3.2. Spatial Variation of Wind Speed
3.2.1. Spatial Variation Characteristics of Wind Speed
3.2.2. Spatial Variation of Wind Speed in April and May
3.2.3. Spatial Characteristics of Strong Wind Days
3.2.4. Influencing Factors on Spatial Heterogeneity of Wind Speed
3.3. Wind Impacts Degree
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Classification | Detection Factor | Index |
---|---|---|
Terrain | X1 | Digital Elevation Model (DEM) |
X2 | Slope | |
X3 | Slope aspect | |
Geomorphology | X4 | Geomorphological type (Plain, rolling hills, hill, alluvial terrace) |
Vegetation | X5 | Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) |
Climate | X6 | Air pressure |
X7 | Temperature | |
X8 | Precipitation | |
Land use | X9 | Land use type (cropland, forest, grassland, shrubland, wetland, water body, artificial surface, bare land, tundra) |
Values of Different Degrees | Categories of the Impact of Wind Force | |
---|---|---|
Maximum Wind Speed | Strong Wind Days | |
mild | mild | mild |
mild | moderate | mild |
mild | severe | moderate |
mild | extremely severe | severe |
moderate | mild | moderate |
moderate | moderate | moderate |
moderate | severe | moderate |
moderate | extremely severe | severe |
severe | mild | moderate |
severe | moderate | severe |
severe | severe | severe |
severe | extremely severe | severe |
extremely severe | mild | severe |
extremely severe | moderate | severe |
extremely severe | severe | extremely severe |
extremely severe | extremely severe | extremely severe |
Number | Name | Longitude | Latitude | Changing Trend | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean Annul Wind Speed | Maximum Annual Wind Speed | ||||
1 | Nenjiang | 125.23 | 49.17 | downtrend | downtrend |
2 | Zhalantun | 122.73 | 48.00 | downtrend | downtrend |
3 | Beian | 126.51 | 48.28 | uptrend | uptrend |
4 | Keshan | 125.88 | 48.05 | uptrend | uptrend |
5 | Hailun | 126.97 | 47.43 | downtrend | uptrend |
6 | Mingshui | 125.90 | 47.16 | uptrend | uptrend |
7 | Fujin | 131.98 | 47.23 | downtrend | downtrend |
8 | Ulanhot | 122.05 | 46.08 | downtrend | downtrend |
9 | Suihua | 126.96 | 46.61 | downtrend | downtrend |
10 | Anda | 125.32 | 46.38 | downtrend | downtrend |
11 | Tieli | 128.01 | 46.98 | uptrend | uptrend |
12 | Jiamusi | 130.28 | 46.81 | downtrend | uptrend |
13 | Yilan | 129.58 | 46.30 | downtrend | downtrend |
14 | Baoqing | 132.18 | 46.32 | downtrend | downtrend |
15 | Qianguoerluosi | 124.83 | 45.00 | downtrend | downtrend |
16 | Zhaozhou | 125.25 | 45.70 | downtrend | uptrend |
17 | Harbin | 126.77 | 45.75 | uptrend | uptrend |
18 | Tonghe | 128.73 | 45.97 | downtrend | downtrend |
19 | Sanchahe | 126.00 | 44.96 | uptrend | downtrend |
20 | Changchun | 125.22 | 43.90 | downtrend | downtrend |
Summarized | Uptrend | 6 | 8 | ||
Downtrend | 14 | 12 | |||
Pecentage | Uptrend | 30% | 40% | ||
Downtrend | 70% | 60% |
Natural Factors | X1 | X2 | X3 | X4 | X5 | X6 | X7 | X8 | X9 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
q value (the mean annual wind speed) | 0.085 | 0.054 | 0.008 | 0.009 | 0.012 | 0.031 | 0.176 | 0.110 | 0.007 |
p-value | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
q value (the maximum annual wind speed) | 0.083 | 0.017 | 0.002 | 0.023 | 0.007 | 0.061 | 0.088 | 0.032 | 0.007 |
p-value | 0.003 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.884 | 0.000 | 0.983 | 1.000 |
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Pei, L.; Wang, C.; Sun, L.; Wang, L. Temporal and Spatial Variation (2001–2020) Characteristics of Wind Speed in the Water Erosion Area of the Typical Black Soil Region, Northeast China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 10473. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710473
Pei L, Wang C, Sun L, Wang L. Temporal and Spatial Variation (2001–2020) Characteristics of Wind Speed in the Water Erosion Area of the Typical Black Soil Region, Northeast China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(17):10473. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710473
Chicago/Turabian StylePei, Liang, Chunhui Wang, Liying Sun, and Lili Wang. 2022. "Temporal and Spatial Variation (2001–2020) Characteristics of Wind Speed in the Water Erosion Area of the Typical Black Soil Region, Northeast China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 17: 10473. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710473