Sickness Presenteeism among Employees Having Workplace Conflicts—Results from Pooled Analyses in Latvia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population and Sample
2.2. Study Variables
2.2.1. Outcome Variable
2.2.2. Independent Variables
2.2.3. Confounding Variables
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Presence and Frequency of Conflicts | % (n), 95% CI |
---|---|
Conflicts between managers and employees | |
Yes a | 53.5 (3294), CI 52.3–54.8 |
No | 46.5 (2859), CI 45.2–47.7 |
Often | 212 (3.4), CI 3.0–3.9 |
Occasionally | 928 (15.1), CI 14.2–16.0 |
Rarely | 2154 (35.0), CI 33.8–36.2 |
Never | 2859 (46.5), CI 45.2–47.7 |
Conflicts between employees | |
Yes a | 2779 (44.2), CI 43.0–45.5 |
No | 3505 (55.8), CI 54.5–57.0 |
Often | 75 (1.2), CI 1.0–1.5 |
Occasionally | 645 (10.3), CI 9.5–11.0 |
Rarely | 2059 (32.8), CI 31.6–33.9 |
Never | 3505 (55.8), CI 54.5–57.0 |
Conflicts with customers | |
Yes a | 2558 (42.3), CI 41.1–43.6 |
No | 3489 (57.7), CI 56.4–58.9 |
Often | 188 (3.1), CI 2.7–3.6 |
Occasionally | 899 (14.9), CI 14.0–15.8 |
Rarely | 1471 (24.3), CI 23.3–25.4 |
Never | 3489 (57.7), CI 56.4–58.9 |
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Survey | The Total Number of the Original Study Population, n | Number of Respondents Included in Analyses, n (%) | Number of Respondents Reporting Sickness Presenteeism, n (%) | Number of Respondents in the Reference Group, n (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
2006 | 2520 | 1601 (63.5) | 166 (10.4) | 1435 (89.6) |
2010 | 2505 | 1578 (63.0) | 218 (13.8) | 1360 (86.2) |
2013 | 2558 | 1579 (61.7) | 192 (12.2) | 1387 (87.8) |
2018 | 2501 | 1610 (64.4) | 122 (7.6) | 1488 (92.4) |
Total | 10,084 | 6368 (63.1) | 698 (11.0) | 5670 (89.0) |
Sickness Presenteeism, OR (CI 95%) b, Unadjusted | Sickness Presenteeism, aOR (CI 95%) b, Adjusted c | |
---|---|---|
Conflicts between managers and employees a | ||
Had any frequency of conflicts between managers and employees | 2.83 * (2.36–3.39) | 2.72 * (2.26–3.28) |
Often | 6.95 * (5.00–9.67) | 7.18 * (5.11–10.09) |
Occasionally | 3.45 * (2.75–4.33) | 3.35 * (2.65–4.23) |
Rarely | 2.25 * (1.84–2.75) | 2.18 * (1.78–2.67) |
Conflicts between employees a | ||
Had any frequency of conflicts between employees | 2.24 * (1.91–2.64) | 2.12 * (1.79–2.50) |
Often | 4.79 * (2.85–8.06) | 4.22 * (2.49–7.16) |
Occasionally | 2.99 * (2.37–3.77) | 2.77 * (2.19–3.51) |
Rarely | 1.95 * (1.63–2.33) | 1.86 * (1.55–2.23) |
Conflicts with customers a | ||
Had any frequency of conflicts with customers | 1.94 * (1.65–2.29) | 1.78 * (1.50–2.10) |
Often | 4.30 * (3.05–6.05) | 3.89 * (2.73–5.52) |
Occasionally | 2.20 * (1.77–2.73) | 2.00 * (1.60–2.50) |
Rarely | 1.55 * (1.27–1.89) | 1.43 * (1.16–1.75) |
Distribution of the Number of Conflicts, % (n) | Sickness Presenteeism, OR (CI 95%) b, Unadjusted | Sickness Presenteeism, aOR (CI 95%) b, Adjusted c | |
---|---|---|---|
Had one type of conflict at work a | 23.8 (1473) | 2.06 * (1.56–2.72) | 2.01 * (1.52–2.67) |
Had two types of conflicts at work a | 25.4 (1569) | 3.37 * (2.60–4.37) | 3.27 * (2.51–4.26) |
Had three types of conflicts at work a | 21.7 (1340) | 4.44 * (3.43–5.75) | 4.09 * (3.13–5.35) |
Had no conflicts at work | 29.2 (1805) | 1 | 1 |
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Lakiša, S.; Matisāne, L.; Gobiņa, I.; Orru, H.; Vanadziņš, I. Sickness Presenteeism among Employees Having Workplace Conflicts—Results from Pooled Analyses in Latvia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 10525. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710525
Lakiša S, Matisāne L, Gobiņa I, Orru H, Vanadziņš I. Sickness Presenteeism among Employees Having Workplace Conflicts—Results from Pooled Analyses in Latvia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(17):10525. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710525
Chicago/Turabian StyleLakiša, Svetlana, Linda Matisāne, Inese Gobiņa, Hans Orru, and Ivars Vanadziņš. 2022. "Sickness Presenteeism among Employees Having Workplace Conflicts—Results from Pooled Analyses in Latvia" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 17: 10525. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710525