Predictors of Musculoskeletal Pain among Primary School Students Using Smartphones in Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Research Instrument
2.4. Data Collection
2.5. Data Analysis
2.6. Ethical Approval
3. Results
3.1. Characteristic Data
Characteristic Data | n | % |
---|---|---|
Gender | ||
Male | 82 | 35.20 |
Female | 151 | 64.80 |
Age | ||
6–9 years | 86 | 36.91 |
10–12 years | 147 | 63.09 |
Underlying disease | ||
Do not have | 214 | 91.84 |
Have | 19 | 8.16 |
Exercising | ||
Do not exercise | 30 | 16.73 |
Exercise | 203 | 83.27 |
Owning a smartphone | ||
No | 47 | 20.17 |
Yes | 186 | 79.83 |
Smartphone screen size | ||
<6 inches | 196 | 84.13 |
≥6 inches | 37 | 15.87 |
Smartphone usage duration (minutes per day) | ||
<60 min | 68 | 29.19 |
≥60 min | 165 | 70.81 |
Smartphone usage duration by Age (minutes per day) | ||
6 yrs (Mean ± SD = 91.25 ± 32.24) | 4 | 1.72 |
7 yrs (Mean ± SD = 77.37 ± 51.30) | 19 | 8.15 |
8 yrs (Mean ± SD = 83.52 ± 35.27) | 27 | 11.59 |
9 yrs (Mean ± SD = 127.97 ± 80.08) | 36 | 15.45 |
10 yrs (Mean ± SD = 147.76 ± 108.21) | 49 | 21.03 |
11 yrs (Mean ± SD = 152.16 ± 104.73) | 44 | 18.88 |
12 yrs (Mean ± SD = 166.59 ± 113.19) | 54 | 23.18 |
Parents’ smartphone usage rules | ||
Do not have | 95 | 40.78 |
Have | 138 | 59.22 |
Posture | ||
Sitting | 110 | 47.21 |
Supine | 84 | 36.05 |
Prone | 39 | 16.74 |
3.2. Comparison between the Different Means of Body Part Angle in Posture Having Musculoskeletal Symptoms While Using a Smartphone
Factor | n (%) | Mean Angle (Degree) | p |
---|---|---|---|
Head/Neck | |||
Sitting | 110 (47.21) | 24.38 | <0.001 ** |
Supine | 84 (36.05) | 8.57 | |
Prone | 39 (16.74) | 18.97 | |
Trunk | |||
Sitting | 110 (47.21) | 11.85 | <0.001 ** |
Supine | 84 (36.05) | 4.88 | |
Prone | 39 (16.74) | 19.87 | |
Upper arm | |||
Sitting | 110 (47.21) | 17.64 | <0.001 ** |
Supine | 84 (36.05) | 24.77 | |
Prone | 39 (16.74) | 78.33 | |
Lower arm | 0.547 | ||
Sitting | 110 (47.21) | 63.83 | |
Supine | 84 (36.05) | 63.75 | |
Prone | 39 (16.74) | 62.84 |
3.3. Relationships between Factors and Ages
Characteristic Data | Age. N (%) | p | |
---|---|---|---|
6–9 years | 10–12 years | ||
Owning a smartphone | <0.001 ** | ||
No | 31 (13.30) | 16 (6.87) | |
Yes | 55 (23.61) | 131 (56.22) | |
Smartphone usage duration (minutes/day) | 0.008 * | ||
<60 min | 34 (14.59) | 34 (14.59) | |
≥60 min | 52 (22.32) | 113 (48.50) | |
Self-care after experiencing discomfort or fatigue | <0.001 ** | ||
No | 60 (25.75) | 46 (19.74) | |
Yes | 26 (14.59) | 101 (43.35) | |
Parents’ smartphone usage rules | 0.796 | ||
No | 36 (15.41) | 59 (25.32) | |
Yes | 50 (21.50) | 88 (37.77) |
3.4. Logistic Regression Analysis of Musculoskeletal Symptoms
Factor | Crude OR | Adjusted OR | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% | p-Value | OR | 95% | p-Value | |
Gender | ||||||
Male | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
Female | 1.72 | 1.00–2.97 | 0.050 | 2.11 | 0.99–4.54 | 0.054 |
Age | ||||||
10–12 years | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
6–9 years | 1.33 | 0.78–2.26 | 0.301 | 4.04 | 1.78–9.18 | 0.001 * |
Owning a smartphone | ||||||
No | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
Yes | 2.59 | 1.32–5.10 | 0.006 | 3.23 | 1.28–8.13 | 0.013 * |
Parent’s smartphone usage rules | ||||||
Yes | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
No | 6.47 | 3.59–11.66 | <0.001 | 7.39 | 3.51–15.59 | <0.001 ** |
Smartphone usage duration | ||||||
<60 min | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
≥60 min | 8.17 | 4.06–16.44 | <0.001 | 10.31 | 4.18–25.46 | <0.001 ** |
Posture | ||||||
Sitting | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
Supine | 1.120 | 0.51–2.48 | 0.780 | 5.68 | 2.55–12.67 | <0.001 ** |
Prone | 0.272 | 0.13–0.59 | 0.001 | 7.37 | 2.68–20.31 | <0.001 ** |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
6. Suggestions for Students and Parents
- Parents should have rules on using smartphones and restrict the usage time to less than 60 min daily. Parents should not encourage children to own smartphones.
- School-aged children using smartphones should use a chair or sofa to support the head, neck, body, and shoulders, and avoid using smartphones in the lying-down position.
- Parents and teachers should guide and educate students concerning proper phone usage posture, including smartphone usage benefits and drawbacks.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mongkonkansai, J.; Veerasakul, S.; Tamrin, S.B.M.; Madardam, U. Predictors of Musculoskeletal Pain among Primary School Students Using Smartphones in Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 10530. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710530
Mongkonkansai J, Veerasakul S, Tamrin SBM, Madardam U. Predictors of Musculoskeletal Pain among Primary School Students Using Smartphones in Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(17):10530. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710530
Chicago/Turabian StyleMongkonkansai, Jittaporn, Siriluk Veerasakul, Shamsul Bahri Mohd Tamrin, and Uraiwan Madardam. 2022. "Predictors of Musculoskeletal Pain among Primary School Students Using Smartphones in Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 17: 10530. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710530