Anxiety among Adolescents and Young Adults during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Multi-Country Survey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Country | N | % | Region | Income Level | GAD | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal | Mild | Moderate | Severe | |||||
Canada | 206 | 2.9 | AMR | HIC | 171 (83.0) | 27 (13.1) | 2 (1.0) | 6 (2.9) |
Egypt | 576 | 8.2 | EMR | LMIC | 146 (25.3) | 295 (51.2) | 102 (17.7) | 33 (5.7) |
India | 491 | 7 | SEAR | LMIC | 208 (42.4) | 191 (39.0) | 68 (13.8) | 24 (4.9) |
Iraq | 100 | 1.4 | EMR | UMIC | 41 (41.0) | 39 (39.0) | 10 (10.0) | 10 (10.0) |
Jordan | 80 | 1.1 | EMR | UMIC | 31 (38.8) | 22 (27.5) | 11 (13.8) | 16 (20.0) |
Kuwait | 576 | 8.2 | EMR | HIC | 184 (31.9) | 275 (47.7) | 80 (13.9) | 37 (6.4) |
Lebanon | 67 | 1 | EMR | UMIC | 25 (37.3) | 24 (35.8) | 11 (16.4) | 7 (10.4) |
Libya | 108 | 1.5 | EMR | UMIC | 30 (27.8) | 47 (43.5) | 19 (17.6) | 12 (11.1) |
Malaysia | 138 | 2 | WPR | UMIC | 69 (50.0) | 47 (34.1) | 9 (6.5) | 13 (9.4) |
Morocco | 121 | 1.7 | EMR | LMIC | 47 (38.8) | 49 (40.5) | 16 (13.2) | 9 (7.4) |
Nigeria | 288 | 4.1 | AFR | LMIC | 192 (66.7) | 64 (22.2) | 24 (8.3) | 8 (2.8) |
Oman | 188 | 2.7 | EMR | HIC | 81 (43.1) | 75 (39.9) | 24 (12.8) | 8 (4.3) |
Pakistan | 148 | 2.1 | EMR | LMIC | 87 (58.8) | 44 (29.7) | 16 (10.8) | 1 (0.7) |
Palestine | 89 | 1.3 | EMR | LMIC | 37 (41.6) | 30 (33.7) | 10 (11.2) | 12 (13.5) |
Philippines | 215 | 3.1 | WPR | LMIC | 95 (44.2) | 55 (25.6) | 42 (19.5) | 23 (10.7) |
Saudi Arabia | 919 | 13.1 | EMR | HIC | 413 (44.9%) | 348 (37.9) | 113 (12.3) | 45 (4.9) |
South Africa | 101 | 1.4 | AFR | UMIC | 91 (90.1) | 8 (7.9) | 1 (1.0) | 1 (1.0) |
Sudan | 502 | 7.2 | EMR | LIC | 178 (35.5) | 205 (40.8) | 68 (13.5) | 51 (10.2) |
Sweden | 67 | 1 | EUR | HIC | 37 (55.2) | 14 (20.9) | 9 (13.4) | 7 (10.4) |
Syria | 400 | 5.7 | EMR | LIC | 150 (37.5) | 155 (38.8) | 58 (14.5) | 37 (9.3) |
Turkey | 682 | 9.8 | EUR | UMIC | 238 (34.9) | 298 (43.7) | 85 (12.5) | 61 (8.9) |
United Arab Emirates | 444 | 6.4 | EMR | HIC | 134 (30.2) | 166 (37.4) | 76 (17.1) | 68 (15.3) |
United Kingdom | 225 | 3.2 | EUR | HIC | 117 (52.0) | 66 (29.3) | 34 (15.1) | 8 (3.6) |
United States | 50 | 0.7 | AMR | HIC | 21 (42.0) | 22 (44.0) | 3 (6.0) | 4 (8.0) |
Yemen | 208 | 3 | EMR | LIC | 141 (67.8) | 55 (26.4) | 9 (4.3) | 3 (1.4) |
Appendix B
- Anxiety among adolescents and young adults during COVID-19 pandemic: A multi-country survey
- Gender
- Consent form
- Parent’s consent form
- Part I: Demographic and personal information:
- Gender
- Your level of education:
- Do you have any medical condition?
- Maternal education
- Paternal education
- Number of household members
- Number of bedrooms
- Part II: COVID-19 psychological effect and infection:
- Have you been infected with COVID-19 ?
- Have you been suspected to be infected with COVID-19 ?
- Have anyone of your family members or friend been infected with COVID-19
- Part III: Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale (GAD-7)
- Over the past two weeks, how many times have you been troubled by the following problems:
- Feeling nervous, anxious or on edge
- Not being able to stop or control worrying
- Worrying too much about different things
- Trouble relaxing
- Being so restless that it is hard to sit still
- Becoming easily annoyed or irritable
- Feeling afraid as if something awful might happen
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Factors | Anxiety/GAD Level | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal | Mild | Moderate | Severe | Total | p Value | ||
2964 (42.4%) | 2621 (37.5%) | 900 (12.9%) | 504 (7.2%) | ||||
Country region | EMR | 1725 (38.1) | 1829 (40.4) | 623 (13.8) | 349 (7.7) | 4526 (64.8) | <0.0001 |
AMR | 192 (75.0) | 49 (19.1) | 5 (2.0) | 10 (3.9) | 256 (3.7) | ||
SEAR | 208 (42.4) | 191 (38.9) | 68 (13.8) | 24 (4.9) | 491 (7.0) | ||
WPR | 164 (46.5) | 102 (28.9) | 51 (14.4) | 36 (10.2) | 353 (5.1) | ||
AFR | 283 (72.8) | 72 (18.5) | 25 (6.4) | 9 (2.3) | 389 (5.6) | ||
EUR | 392 (40.2) | 378 (38.8) | 128 (13.1) | 76 (7.8) | 974 (13.9) | ||
Country income | LIC | 469 (42.3) | 415 (37.4) | 135 (12.2) | 91 (8.2) | 1110 (15.9) | 0.004 |
LMIC | 812 (42.1) | 728 (37.8) | 278 (14.4) | 110 (5.7) | 1928 (27.6) | ||
UMIC | 525 (41.1) | 485 (38.0) | 146 (11.4) | 120 (9.4) | 1276 (18.3) | ||
HIC | 1158 (43.3) | 993 (37.1) | 341 (12.7) | 183 (6.8) | 2675 (38.3) | ||
Sex | Male | 1498 (50.2) | 1012 (33.9) | 309 (10.4) | 163 (5.5) | 2982 (42.7) | <0.0001 |
Female | 1466 (36.6) | 1609 (40.2) | 591 (14.7) | 341 (8.5) | 4007 (57.3) | ||
Age | 11–14 | 418 (60.1) | 207 (29.7) | 55 (7.9) | 16 (2.3) | 696 (10.0) | <0.0001 |
15–17 | 511 (46.8) | 383 (35.0) | 149 (13.6) | 50 (4.6) | 1093 (15.6) | ||
18–23 | 2035 (39.1) | 2031 (39.1) | 696 (13.4) | 438 (8.4) | 5200 (74.4) | ||
Education | Elementary | 148 (62.7) | 71 (30.1) | 15 (6.4) | 2 (0.8) | 236 (3.4) | <0.0001 |
Middle | 301 (51.7) | 197 (33.8) | 68 (11.7) | 16 (2.7) | 582 (8.3) | ||
High school | 991 (45.0) | 782 (35.5) | 289 (13.1) | 140 (6.4) | 2202 (31.5) | ||
University | 1524 (38.4) | 1571 (39.6) | 528 (13.3) | 346 (8.7) | 3969 (56.8) | ||
Mother’s education | No education | 220 (39.3) | 243 (43.4) | 65 (11.6) | 32 (5.7) | 560 (8.0) | <0.0001 |
Finished elementary/middle school | 583 (39.0) | 615 (41.2) | 204 (13.7) | 92 (6.2) | 1494 (21.4) | ||
Finished high school | 860 (44.0) | 702 (35.9) | 251 (12.8) | 142 (7.3) | 1955 (28.0) | ||
Finished university education or more | 1301 (43.7) | 1061 (35.6) | 380 (12.8) | 238 (8.0) | 2980 (42.6) | ||
Father’s education | No education | 127 (40.6) | 132 (42.2) | 40 (12.8) | 14 (4.5) | 313 (4.5) | 0.001 |
Finished elementary/middle school | 499 (41.0) | 488 (40.1) | 163 (13.4) | 67 (5.5) | 1217 (17.4) | ||
Finished high school | 721 (41.5) | 678 (39.0) | 225 (13.0) | 113 (6.5) | 1737 (24.9) | ||
Finished university/more | 1617 (43.4) | 1323 (35.5) | 472 (12.7) | 310 (8.3) | 3722 (53.3) | ||
Has medical problems | Yes | 233 (25.9) | 391 (43.4) | 162 (18.0) | 114 (12.7) | 900 (12.9) | <0.0001 |
No | 2731 (44.9) | 2230 (36.6) | 738 (12.1) | 390 (6.4) | 6089 (87.1) | ||
COVID-19 infected | Yes | 172 (32.5) | 215 (40.6) | 94 (17.8) | 48 (9.1) | 529 (7.6) | <0.0001 |
No | 2792 (43.2) | 2406 (37.2) | 806 (12.5) | 456 (7.1) | 6460 (92.4) | ||
COVID suspected | Yes | 388 (30.6) | 544 (42.9) | 189 (14.9) | 147 (11.6) | 1268 (18.1) | <0.0001 |
No | 2576 (45.0) | 2077 (36.3) | 711 (12.4) | 357 (6.2) | 5721 (81.9) | ||
Friends/family COVID-19 infected/suspected | Yes | 1060 (34.8) | 1263 (41.5) | 462 (15.2) | 259 (8.5) | 3044 (43.6) | <0.0001 |
No | 1904 (48.3) | 1358 (34.4) | 438 (11.1) | 245 (6.2) | 3945 (56.4) |
Factors | AOR (95% CI) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mild vs. Normal | Moderate vs. Normal | Severe vs. Normal | ||
Country region | EMR | 1 | 1 | 1 |
AMR | 0.59 (0.42, 0.84) | 0.59 (0.38, 0.91) | 0.82 (0.53, 1.25) | |
SEAR | 0.69 (0.53, 0.89) | 0.72 (0.52, 0.98) | 0.70 (0.49, 1.00) | |
WPR | 0.65 (0.49, 0.88) | 0.87 (0.62, 1.22) | 0.92 (0.64, 1.32) | |
AFR | 0.34 (0.25, 0.45) | 0.44 (0.32, 0.63) | 0.46 (0.32, 0.67) | |
EUR | 0.86 (0.70, 1.06) | 0.96 (0.74, 1.23) | 0.86 (0.66, 1.13) | |
Country income | LIC | 1 | 1 | 1 |
LMIC | 1.47 (1.19, 1.81) | 1.49 (1.16, 1.92) | 1.25 (0.95, 1.65) | |
UMIC | 1.23 (0.97, 1.56) | 1.08 (0.81, 1.44) | 1.25 (0.92, 1.69) | |
HIC | 1.10 (0.92, 1.31) | 1.11 (0.90, 1.38) | 1.03 (0.82, 1.30) | |
Sex | Male | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Female | 1.35 (1.20, 1.52) | 1.39 (1.21, 1.61) | 1.33 (1.14, 1.55) | |
Age | 11–14 | 0.68 (0.55, 0.83) | 0.70 (0.55, 0.90) | 0.65 (0.50, 0.86) |
15–17 | 0.81 (0.69, 0.95) | 0.89 (0.73, 1.08) | 0.76 (0.61, 0.95) | |
18–23 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Mother’s education | No education | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Finished elementary/middle school | 1.01 (0.78, 1.30) | 1.14 (0.83, 1.57) | 1.00 (0.70, 1.41) | |
Finished high school | 0.88 (0.68, 1.15) | 1.06 (0.76, 1.47) | 0.96 (0.67, 1.37) | |
Finished university education or more | 0.90 (0.68, 1.18) | 1.05 (0.75, 1.48) | 0.96 (0.67, 1.38) | |
Father’s education | No education | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Finished elementary/middle school | 0.99 (0.72, 1.36) | 0.98 (0.66, 1.46) | 1.03 (0.66, 1.60) | |
Finished high school | 1.08 (0.78, 1.50) | 1.01 (0.68, 1.51) | 1.14 (0.72, 1.78) | |
Finished university/more | 1.02 (0.73, 1.41) | 1.01 (0.68, 1.51) | 1.20 (0.77, 1.88) | |
Has medical problems | Yes | 1.53 (1.27, 1.83) | 1.65 (1.34, 2.04) | 1.75 (1.40, 2.19) |
No | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
COVID-19 infected | Yes | 0.97 (0.76, 1.24) | 1.13 (0.86, 1.49) | 0.97 (0.72, 1.32) |
No | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
COVID suspected | Yes | 1.35 (1.14, 1.60) | 1.25 (1.02, 1.53) | 1.48 (1.20, 1.83) |
No | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Friends/family COVID-19 infected/suspected | Yes | 1.22 (1.07, 1.38) | 1.24 (1.06, 1.44) | 1.15 (0.98, 1.36) |
No | 1 | 1 | 1 |
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Sabbagh, H.J.; Abdelaziz, W.; Alghamdi, W.; Quritum, M.; AlKhateeb, N.A.; Abourdan, J.; Qureshi, N.; Qureshi, S.; Hamoud, A.H.N.; Mahmoud, N.; et al. Anxiety among Adolescents and Young Adults during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Multi-Country Survey. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 10538. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710538
Sabbagh HJ, Abdelaziz W, Alghamdi W, Quritum M, AlKhateeb NA, Abourdan J, Qureshi N, Qureshi S, Hamoud AHN, Mahmoud N, et al. Anxiety among Adolescents and Young Adults during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Multi-Country Survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(17):10538. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710538
Chicago/Turabian StyleSabbagh, Heba Jafar, Wafaa Abdelaziz, Waleed Alghamdi, Maryam Quritum, Nada AbuBakr AlKhateeb, Joud Abourdan, Nafeesa Qureshi, Shabnum Qureshi, Ahmed H. N. Hamoud, Nada Mahmoud, and et al. 2022. "Anxiety among Adolescents and Young Adults during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Multi-Country Survey" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 17: 10538. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710538