Psychological Factors That Suppress Help-Seeking among Middle-Aged and Older Adults Living Alone
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Future Time Perspective
2.2.2. Psychological Barriers to Help-Seeking
2.2.3. Help-Seeking Intention
2.2.4. Economic Status
2.3. Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participant Characteristics and Interaction Effects
3.2. Scale Structure
3.3. Gender Difference for Each Variable
3.4. Structural Equation Modeling Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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n (%) or M (SD) | ||
---|---|---|
Age | 63.97 | ±8.63 |
Sex | ||
Male | 658 | (51.6) |
Female | 616 | (48.4) |
Current economic status (1–5) | 2.90 | ±0.97 |
Childhood economic status (1–5) | 2.90 | ±0.97 |
Factor and Items | Factor Loading | α | % Variance | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Factor 1: Future Anxiety | 0.73 | 38.21 | ||
6. I get depressed when I think about the future | 0.95 | |||
8. I feel bleak when I think about what comes next | 0.87 | |||
4. I get anxious when I think about life in the future | 0.77 | |||
Factor 2: Resignation to the future | 0.89 | 18.53 | ||
2. I have no interest in my future | 0.80 | |||
5. I do not care what happens to me | 0.65 | |||
1. I am leaving my future up to chance | 0.56 | |||
7. Thinking about the future is a hassle | 0.51 |
Factors and Items | Factor Loading | α | % Variance | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Factor 1: Distrust of Others | 0.85 | 46.24 | ||
7. Even if I ask for help, they do not understand | 0.94 | |||
10. There is nobody I trust and can ask for help | 0.73 | |||
6. I do not want to talk about my feelings with someone else | 0.68 | |||
5. Even if I ask for help, things will not be resolved | 0.68 | |||
Factor 2: Solving Problems Alone | 0.67 | 7.53 | ||
1. I want to solve my problems by myself | 0.70 | |||
4. I do not want to rely on others | 0.70 | |||
8. I do not want to trouble anyone | 0.48 |
Variable | Overall | Men | Women | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | ||
Help-Seeking Intentions (0–35) | 10.90 (6.26) | 9.62 (6.43) | 12.28 (5.77) | 0.001 |
Barriers to Help-Seeking | ||||
Solving Problems Alone (3–15) | 11.78 (2.45) | 12.16 (2.33) | 11.38 (2.52) | 0.001 |
Distrust of Others (4–20) | 12.38 (3.93) | 13.12 (3.86) | 11.60 (3.85) | 0.001 |
Perceived Future Time Perspective | ||||
Future Anxiety (3–12) | 7.55 (2.62) | 7.64 (2.58) | 7.44 (2.67) | 0.178 |
Resignation to the Future (4–16) | 8.76 (2.68) | 9.11 (2.79) | 8.39 (2.50) | 0.001 |
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Murayama, Y.; Yamazaki, S.; Hasebe, M.; Takahashi, T.; Yamaguchi, J.; Kobayashi, E. Psychological Factors That Suppress Help-Seeking among Middle-Aged and Older Adults Living Alone. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 10620. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710620
Murayama Y, Yamazaki S, Hasebe M, Takahashi T, Yamaguchi J, Kobayashi E. Psychological Factors That Suppress Help-Seeking among Middle-Aged and Older Adults Living Alone. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(17):10620. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710620
Chicago/Turabian StyleMurayama, Yoh, Sachiko Yamazaki, Masami Hasebe, Tomoya Takahashi, Jun Yamaguchi, and Erika Kobayashi. 2022. "Psychological Factors That Suppress Help-Seeking among Middle-Aged and Older Adults Living Alone" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 17: 10620. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710620